Chapter 1: Abdominal Sonography Overview Flashcards by Samantha Lockridge

a collection of fluid within the peritoneal cavity

ascites

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the cells in the adrenal medulla that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

chromaffin cells

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a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity that may be associated with cancer

exudate ascites

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the lab value that indicates the amount of red blood cells in the blood

hematocrit

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large cells of glandular origin

oncocytes

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a procedure that uses a needle to drain fluid from the abdominal cavity for diagnostic or therapeutic reasons

paracentesis

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the portion of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal pelvic cavity

parietal peritoneum

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a procedure that uses a needle to drain fluid from the pleural cavity for either diagnostic or therapeutic reasons

thoracentesis

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a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity often associated with cirrhosis

transudate ascites

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the portion of the peritoneum that is closely applied to each organ

visceral peritoneum

serosal layer

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how long should a person be NPO before an abdominal ultrasound (especially with an intact gallbladder)?

at least 4 hours, but 8 is optimal

renal ultrasounds don’t require fasting, but the patient should be well-hydrated

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what does a decreased hematocrit indicate?

bleeding

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the double lining of the abdominal cavity

peritoneum

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a type of reverberation artifact caused by several small, highly reflective interfaces
(seen with adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder)

comet tail artifact

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caused by a large acoustic interface and subsequent production of false echoes
(seen as an echogenic region in the anterior aspect of the gallbladder or other cystic structures)

reverberation artifact

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a type of reverberation artifact that appears as a solid streak or chain of parallel bands radiating away from a structure
(seen emanating from gas in the abdomen)

ring-down artifact

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5 intraperitoneal organs

gallbladder
liver (except for bare area)
ovaries
spleen (except for the splenic hilum)
stomach

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12 retroperitoneal organs

abdominal lymph nodes
adrenal glands
aorta
ascending and descending colon
duodenum
IVC
kidneys
pancreas
prostate gland
ureters
urinary bladder
uterus

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7 pathologies associated with ascites

acute cholecystitis
cirrhosis
congestive heart failure
ectopic pregnancy
malignancy
portal hypertension
ruptured AAA

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the posterior subhepatic space is also referred to as:

Morrison pouch

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posterior cul-de-sac in females is also known as:

pouch of Douglas (rectouterine pouch)

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anterior cul-de-sac in females in also known as:

space of Retzius

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tumor of glandular origin

adenoma

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tumor of blood vessels, muscle, and fat

commonly found in the kidneys

angiomyolipoma

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abnormal accumulation of cells within a focal region of an organ (commonly found in the liver)

focal nodular hyperplasia

tumor consisting of a group of inflammatory cells | commonly found in the liver and spleen

granuloma

tumor that secretes gastrin | commonly found in the pancreas

gastrinoma

tumor consisting of an overgrowth of normal cells of an organ (commonly found in the kidneys)

hamartoma

tumor consisting of blood vessels | commonly found in the liver, spleen, and kidneys

hemangioma

localized collection of blood

hematoma

tumor that secretes insulin

insulinoma

tumor that consists of fat | commonly found in the liver, spleen, and kidneys

lipoma

tumor that consists of oncocytes | commonly found in the kidneys

oncocytoma

tumor that consists of chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland

pheochromocytoma

tumor that consists of tissue from all 3 germ cell layers | commonly found in testicles and ovaries

teratoma

localized collection of urine | commonly found next to a kidney transplant

urinoma

cancer of glandular origin | commonly found in pancreas and GI tract

adenocarcinoma

cancer in the lining of vessels (lymphatic or vascular) | commonly found in spleen

angiosarcoma

cancer that consists of trophoblastic cells | commonly found in testicles

choriocarcinoma

cancer of the bile ducts

cholangiocarcinoma

cancer that is fundamentally adenocarcinoma with cystic components (commonly found in pancreas)

cystadenocarcinoma

cancer that is of germ cell origin | commonly found in testicles

embryonal cell carcinoma

cancer of aggressive abnormal epithelial cells | commonly found in thyroid

follicular carcinoma

cancer that originates in the hepatocytes

hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatoma)

cancer that originates in the tubules of the kidney

hypernephroma (RCC)

cancer of the lymphatic system | commonly found in spleen and kidneys

lymphoma

cancer that has formation of many irregular, fingerlike projections (commonly found in thyroid)

papillary carcinoma

cancer that originates in the seminiferous tubules of the testicle

seminoma

cancer that originates in the transitional epithelium of an organ or structure (commonly found in the bladder, ureters, and kidneys)

transitional cell carcinoma

cancer that is of germ cell origin | commonly found in the testicle

yolk sac tumor

3 common malignant pediatric abdominal masses and their locations:

neuroblastoma - adrenal gland hepatoblastoma - liver nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor) - kidney

``` The neuroblastoma is a malignant pediatric mass commonly found in: A. Kidney B. Liver C. Testicle D. Adrenal gland ```

D. Adrenal gland

``` Which of the following is not considered an intraperitoneal organ? A. Liver B. Pancreas C. Gallbladder D. Spleen ```

B. Pancreas

``` Which of the following is not considered retroperitoneal organs? A. Abdominal lymph nodes B. Kidneys C. Adrenal glands D. Ovaries ```

D. Ovaries

``` The hypernephroma may also be referred to as: A. Nephroblastoma B. Neuroblastoma C. Hepatocellular carcinoma D. Renal cell carcinoma ```

D. Renal cell carcinoma

``` A type of reverberation artifact caused by several small, highly reflective interfaces, such as gas bubbles, describes: A. Mirror image artifact B. Posterior shadowing C. Comet tail artifact D. Ring-down artifact ```

C. Comet tail artifact

``` The term cholangiocarcinoma denotes: A. Bile duct carcinoma B. Hepatic carcinoma C. Pancreatic carcinoma D. Splenic carcinoma ```

A. Bile duct carcinoma

``` The hepatoma is: A. Benign tumor of the spleen B. Benign tumor of the liver C. Malignant tumor of the pancreas D. Malignant tumor of the liver ```

D. Malignant tumor of the liver

``` A Wilms tumor may also be referred to as a: A. Neuroblastoma B. Nephroblastoma C. Hepatoblastoma D. Hepatoma ```

B. Nephroblastoma

``` An angiosarcoma would most likely be discovered in the: A. Rectum B. Gallbladder C. Spleen D. Pancreas ```

C. Spleen

``` The space located behind the liver and stomach, and posterior to the pancreas is the: A. Hepatoplenic space B. Lesser sac C. Greater sac D. Supraduodenal space ```

B. Lesser sac

``` Of the list below, which is considered to be an intraperitoneal organ? A. Left kidney B. Aorta C. Inferior vena cava D. Liver ```

D. Liver

``` The oncocytoma is a mass noted more commonly in the: A. Liver B. Adrenal glands C. Pancreas D. Kidneys ```

D. Kidneys

``` A benign tumor that consists primarily of blood vessels best describes: A. Adenocarcinoma B. Oncocytoma C. Hemangioma D. Lymphoma ```

C. Hemangioma

``` The insulinoma is a: A. Malignant pediatric adrenal tumor B. Benign pancreatic tumor C. Malignant pancreatic tumor D. Benign liver tumor ```

B. Benign pancreatic tumor

``` A tumor that consists of a group of inflammatory cells best describes the: A. Hematoma B. Hemangioma C. Lymphoma D. Granuloma ```

D. Granuloma

``` A tumor that consists of a focal collection of blood best describes the: A. Hematoma B. Hemangioma C. Hamartoma D. Hepatoma ```

A. Hematoma

``` The malignant testicular tumor that consists of trophoblastic cells is the: A. Cholangiocarcinoma B. Teratoma C. Yolk sac tumor D. Choriocarcinoma ```

D. Choriocarcinoma