Chapter 1: Abdominal Sonography Overview Flashcards
a collection of fluid within the peritoneal cavity
ascites
the cells in the adrenal medulla that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine
chromaffin cells
a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity that may be associated with cancer
exudate ascites
the lab value that indicates the amount of red blood cells in the blood
hematocrit
large cells of glandular origin
oncocytes
a procedure that uses a needle to drain fluid from the abdominal cavity for diagnostic or therapeutic reasons
paracentesis
the portion of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal pelvic cavity
parietal peritoneum
a procedure that uses a needle to drain fluid from the pleural cavity for either diagnostic or therapeutic reasons
thoracentesis
a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity often associated with cirrhosis
transudate ascites
the portion of the peritoneum that is closely applied to each organ
visceral peritoneum
serosal layer
how long should a person be NPO before an abdominal ultrasound (especially with an intact gallbladder)?
at least 4 hours, but 8 is optimal
renal ultrasounds don’t require fasting, but the patient should be well-hydrated
what does a decreased hematocrit indicate?
bleeding
the double lining of the abdominal cavity
peritoneum
a type of reverberation artifact caused by several small, highly reflective interfaces
(seen with adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder)
comet tail artifact
caused by a large acoustic interface and subsequent production of false echoes
(seen as an echogenic region in the anterior aspect of the gallbladder or other cystic structures)
reverberation artifact
a type of reverberation artifact that appears as a solid streak or chain of parallel bands radiating away from a structure
(seen emanating from gas in the abdomen)
ring-down artifact
5 intraperitoneal organs
gallbladder liver (except for bare area) ovaries spleen (except for the splenic hilum) stomach
12 retroperitoneal organs
abdominal lymph nodes adrenal glands aorta ascending and descending colon duodenum IVC kidneys pancreas prostate gland ureters urinary bladder uterus
7 pathologies associated with ascites
acute cholecystitis cirrhosis congestive heart failure ectopic pregnancy malignancy portal hypertension ruptured AAA
the posterior subhepatic space is also referred to as:
Morrison pouch
posterior cul-de-sac in females is also known as:
pouch of Douglas (rectouterine pouch)
anterior cul-de-sac in females in also known as:
space of Retzius
tumor of glandular origin
adenoma
tumor of blood vessels, muscle, and fat
commonly found in the kidneys
angiomyolipoma
abnormal accumulation of cells within a focal region of an organ
(commonly found in the liver)
focal nodular hyperplasia
tumor consisting of a group of inflammatory cells
commonly found in the liver and spleen
granuloma
tumor that secretes gastrin
commonly found in the pancreas
gastrinoma
tumor consisting of an overgrowth of normal cells of an organ
(commonly found in the kidneys)
hamartoma
tumor consisting of blood vessels
commonly found in the liver, spleen, and kidneys
hemangioma
localized collection of blood
hematoma
tumor that secretes insulin
insulinoma
tumor that consists of fat
commonly found in the liver, spleen, and kidneys
lipoma
tumor that consists of oncocytes
commonly found in the kidneys
oncocytoma
tumor that consists of chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland
pheochromocytoma
tumor that consists of tissue from all 3 germ cell layers
commonly found in testicles and ovaries
teratoma
localized collection of urine
commonly found next to a kidney transplant
urinoma
cancer of glandular origin
commonly found in pancreas and GI tract
adenocarcinoma
cancer in the lining of vessels (lymphatic or vascular)
commonly found in spleen
angiosarcoma
cancer that consists of trophoblastic cells
commonly found in testicles
choriocarcinoma
cancer of the bile ducts
cholangiocarcinoma
cancer that is fundamentally adenocarcinoma with cystic components
(commonly found in pancreas)
cystadenocarcinoma
cancer that is of germ cell origin
commonly found in testicles
embryonal cell carcinoma
cancer of aggressive abnormal epithelial cells
commonly found in thyroid
follicular carcinoma
cancer that originates in the hepatocytes
hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatoma)
cancer that originates in the tubules of the kidney
hypernephroma (RCC)
cancer of the lymphatic system
commonly found in spleen and kidneys
lymphoma
cancer that has formation of many irregular, fingerlike projections
(commonly found in thyroid)
papillary carcinoma
cancer that originates in the seminiferous tubules of the testicle
seminoma
cancer that originates in the transitional epithelium of an organ or structure
(commonly found in the bladder, ureters, and kidneys)
transitional cell carcinoma
cancer that is of germ cell origin
commonly found in the testicle
yolk sac tumor
3 common malignant pediatric abdominal masses and their locations:
neuroblastoma - adrenal gland
hepatoblastoma - liver
nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor) - kidney
The neuroblastoma is a malignant pediatric mass commonly found in: A. Kidney B. Liver C. Testicle D. Adrenal gland
D. Adrenal gland
Which of the following is not considered an intraperitoneal organ? A. Liver B. Pancreas C. Gallbladder D. Spleen
B. Pancreas
Which of the following is not considered retroperitoneal organs? A. Abdominal lymph nodes B. Kidneys C. Adrenal glands D. Ovaries
D. Ovaries
The hypernephroma may also be referred to as: A. Nephroblastoma B. Neuroblastoma C. Hepatocellular carcinoma D. Renal cell carcinoma
D. Renal cell carcinoma
A type of reverberation artifact caused by several small, highly reflective interfaces, such as gas bubbles, describes: A. Mirror image artifact B. Posterior shadowing C. Comet tail artifact D. Ring-down artifact
C. Comet tail artifact
The term cholangiocarcinoma denotes: A. Bile duct carcinoma B. Hepatic carcinoma C. Pancreatic carcinoma D. Splenic carcinoma
A. Bile duct carcinoma
The hepatoma is: A. Benign tumor of the spleen B. Benign tumor of the liver C. Malignant tumor of the pancreas D. Malignant tumor of the liver
D. Malignant tumor of the liver
A Wilms tumor may also be referred to as a: A. Neuroblastoma B. Nephroblastoma C. Hepatoblastoma D. Hepatoma
B. Nephroblastoma
An angiosarcoma would most likely be discovered in the: A. Rectum B. Gallbladder C. Spleen D. Pancreas
C. Spleen
The space located behind the liver and stomach, and posterior to the pancreas is the: A. Hepatoplenic space B. Lesser sac C. Greater sac D. Supraduodenal space
B. Lesser sac
Of the list below, which is considered to be an intraperitoneal organ? A. Left kidney B. Aorta C. Inferior vena cava D. Liver
D. Liver
The oncocytoma is a mass noted more commonly in the: A. Liver B. Adrenal glands C. Pancreas D. Kidneys
D. Kidneys
A benign tumor that consists primarily of blood vessels best describes: A. Adenocarcinoma B. Oncocytoma C. Hemangioma D. Lymphoma
C. Hemangioma
The insulinoma is a: A. Malignant pediatric adrenal tumor B. Benign pancreatic tumor C. Malignant pancreatic tumor D. Benign liver tumor
B. Benign pancreatic tumor
A tumor that consists of a group of inflammatory cells best describes the: A. Hematoma B. Hemangioma C. Lymphoma D. Granuloma
D. Granuloma
A tumor that consists of a focal collection of blood best describes the: A. Hematoma B. Hemangioma C. Hamartoma D. Hepatoma
A. Hematoma
The malignant testicular tumor that consists of trophoblastic cells is the: A. Cholangiocarcinoma B. Teratoma C. Yolk sac tumor D. Choriocarcinoma
D. Choriocarcinoma
