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Abdomen Board Review > Chapter 10: The Gastrointestinal Tract > Flashcards

Chapter 10: The Gastrointestinal Tract Flashcards

1
Q

a disorder in which the immune system attacks normal tissue

A

autoimmune disorder

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2
Q

the proximal portion of the duodenum closest to the stomach

A

duodenal bulb

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3
Q

a defect in the relaxation of the pyloric sphincter that leads to the enlargement of the pyloric muscles and closure of the pyloric sphincter

A

hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

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4
Q

the proximal segment of the bowel with intussusception

A

intussusceptum

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5
Q

the distal segment of the bowel with intussusception

A

intussuscipiens

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6
Q

a situation in which the small bowel mesentery rotates around the superior mesenteric artery

A

malrotation of the midgut

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7
Q

a point halfway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the umbilicus; the area of pain and rebound tenderness in patients suffering from acute appendicitis

A

McBurney point

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8
Q

a common congenital outpouching of the wall of the small intestine

A

Meckel diverticulum

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9
Q

a situation in which bowel is blocked because of the lack of normal peristalsis of a bowel segment or segments; also referred to as a paralytic ileus

A

nonmechanical obstruction

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10
Q

when the pyloric sphincter muscle is enlarged and palpable on physical examination of the abdomen; often indicative of pyloric stenosis

A

olive sign

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11
Q

a temporary spasm and thickening of the pyloric sphincter that can replicate the sonographic appearance of pyloric stenosis

A

pylorospasm

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12
Q

a blind-ended tube that is connected to the cecum of the colon

A

vermiform appendix

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13
Q

a situation in which a loop of bowel twists upon itself

A

volvulus

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14
Q

normal bowel should be ____________

A

compressible

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15
Q

the normal intestinal wall should measure less than ____ in thickness

A

5 mm

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16
Q

the most common cause of acute abdominal pain resulting in surgery

A

appendicitis

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17
Q

the inflamed appendix will appear as a ____________, blind-ended tube that measures more than ____ in diameter

A

noncompressible

6 mm

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18
Q 
Clinical findings:
initial epigastric or general abdominal pain that, with time, is confined to the right lower quadrant
acute abdominal pain
rebound tenderness
nausea and vomiting
possible leukocytosis
high fever (with abscess formation)
A

acute appendicitis

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19
Q

Sonographic findings:
noncompressible, blind-ended tube that measures more than 6 mm in diameter from outer wall to outer wall
echogenic structure within the lumen of the organ
hyperemic flow within the wall of the inflamed organ
periappendiceal fluid collection

A

acute appendicitis

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20
Q

if pyloric stenosis is present, the wall of the pyloric muscle will measure ____ or greater in thickness and the length of the abnormal pyloric channel will measure ____ or greater

A

3 mm

17 mm

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21
Q

the abnormal pylorus appears as a “target” or “doughnut” in the __________ scan plane and as a cervix in the __________ scan plane

A

longitudinal

transverse

22
Q

3 additional causes of nonbilious vomiting in the infant

A

pylorospasm
gastroesophageal reflux
malrotation of the midgut

23
Q 
Clinical findings:
first-born male infant
nonbilious, projectile vomiting
weight loss
constipation
dehydration
insatiable appetite
palpable olive sign
A

hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

24
Q

Sonographic findings:
abnormal pylorus appears as a target or doughnut in the transverse view
abnormal pylorus appears as a cervix in the longitudinal view
wall of pylorus will measure greater than or equal to 3 mm in thickness
length of pyloric channel will measure greater than or equal to 17 mm

A

hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

25
Q

the most common type of intussusception and where it occurs

A

ileocolic intussusception

occurs within the right lower quadrant at the level of the ileocecal valve

26
Q 
Clinical findings:
intermittent, severe abdominal pain
vomiting
palpable abdominal mass
red currant jelly stools
leukocytosis
A

intussusception

27
Q

Sonographic findings:

noncompressible, target-shaped or pseudokidney-shaped mass that consists of alternating rings of echogenicity

A

intussusception

28
Q

2 types of intestinal obstruction

A

mechanical

nonmechanical

29
Q

Sonographic findings:
distended fluid-filled loops of bowel
an abrupt termination point of the distended bowel may be identified
increased peristaltic motion with to-and-fro motion of intraluminal contents (mechanical only)

A

intestinal obstruction

30
Q 
Clinical findings:
episodes of diarrhea
abdominal pain
weight loss
rectal bleeding
A

Crohn disease

31
Q

Sonographic findings:
bowel wall thickening
affected bowel will be noncompressible and have a target appearance
hyperemic wall

A

Crohn disease

32
Q

gastric cancer is most often in the form of what?

A

adenocarcinoma

33
Q 
Clinical findings:
weight loss
abdominal pain
anorexia
vomiting
A

gastric carcinoma

34
Q

Sonographic findings:

hypoechoic, irregular-shaped, bulky mass in the intestines

A

gastric carcinoma

35
Q

a rupture in the muscle or associated vasculature of the rectus sheath

A

rectus sheath hematoma

36
Q 
Clinical findings:
abdominal pain
palpable abdominal mass
discoloration of the skin in the area of concern
decreased hematocrit
A

rectus sheath hematoma

37
Q

Sonographic findings:

blood can appear hypoechoic, hyperechoic, complex, and/or anechoic depending on the stage of development

A

rectus sheath hematoma

38
Q 
Which of the following is not a layer of gut identified with sonography?
A. visceral
B. serosa
C. submucosa
D. mucosa
A

visceral

39
Q

All of the following are true of normal intestinal findings with sonography except:
A. normal bowel does not compress
B. normal bowel should have observable peristalsis
C. intestinal wall should measure less than 5 mm
D. normal bowel has little to no color Doppler signals

A

normal bowel does not compress

40
Q

All of the following are sonographic criteria in the diagnosis of pyloric stenosis except:
A. wall of the pylorus measures less than 8 mm
B. length of the pylorus measures more than 17 mm
C. doughnut appearance in transverse
D. cervix appearance in longitudinal

A

wall of the pylorus measures less than 8 mm

41
Q 
All of the following are sonographic findings of acute appendicitis except:
A. appendicolith
B. compressible, blind-ended tube
C. periappendiceal fluid collection
D. hyperemic flow
A

compressible, blind-ended tube

42
Q 
What gastrointestinal abnormality is sonographically diagnosed as an abnormal relationship between the superior mesenteric artery and superior mesenteric vein?
A. pyloric stenosis
B. intussusception
C. Crohn disease
D. midgut malrotation
A

midgut malrotation

43
Q 
The situation when bowel protrudes into the groin is referred to as a:
A. inguinal hernia
B. linea alba hernia
C. umbilical hernia
D. Spigelian hernia
A

inguinal hernia

44
Q 
The situation when bowel protrudes into a weakened area in the lower one-fourth of the rectus muscle is referred to as a:
A. inguinal hernia
B. linea alba hernia
C. umbilical hernia
D. Spigelian hernia
A

Spigelian hernia

45
Q 
The area of pain and rebound tenderness with acute appendicitis is most likely at:
A. Meckel point
B. McBurney point
C. Murphy point
D. olive point
A

McBurney point

46
Q

Which of the following best describes the location of McBurney point?
A. left lateral to the umbilicus and medial to the left iliac crest
B. halfway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the umbilicus
C. midway between the umbilicus and symphysis pubis
D. medial to the superior iliac spine

A

halfway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the umbilicus

47
Q 
The most common location of the vermiform appendix is in the areal of the:
A. jejunum
B. descending colon
C. cecum
D. sigmoid colon
A

cecum

48
Q

Which of the following is not a sonographic finding consistent with Crohn disease?
A. bowel wall thickening
B. noncompressible bowel that has a target appearance
C. increased peristalsis
D. hyperemic wall

A

increased peristalsis

49
Q 
All of the following are common clinical findings in infants that present with intussusception except:
A. vomiting
B. first-born male infant
C. red currant jelly stools
D. leukocytosis
A

first-born male infant

50
Q 
Traditionally, treatment for intussusception is by means of:
A. surgery
B. external manipulation
C. compression sonography
D. contrast enema
A

contrast enema

51
Q 
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is most often found in infants between:
A. 1 and 10 days of age
B. 2 and 8 weeks of age
C. 10 and 24 weeks of age
D. 2 and 4 years of age
A

2 and 8 weeks of age

52
Q 
For better sonographic visualization of the pyloric sphincter, the infant is often placed in what position?
A. right lateral decubitus
B. left lateral decubitus
C. prone
D. upright
A

right lateral decubitus

Abdomen Board Review (14 decks)

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