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Abdomen Board Review > Chapter 13: The Male Pelvis > Flashcards

Chapter 13: The Male Pelvis Flashcards

1
Q

a protein produced by the fetal yolk sac, fetal gastrointestinal tract, and the fetal liver; may also be produced by some malignant tumors

A

alpha-fetoprotein

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2
Q

the testicular appendage located at the head of the epididymis

A

appendix epididymis

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3
Q

the testicular appendage located between the head of the epididymis and the superior pole of the testis

A

appendix testis

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4
Q

the testicular appendage located between the body and tail of the epididymis

A

appendix vas

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5
Q

the condition in which the patient lacks the normal posterior fixation of the testis and epididymis to the scrotal wall

A

“bell-clapper” deformity

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6
Q

the appearance of a torsed testicular appendage that can be observed as a blue dot just under the skin surface

A

“blue dot” sign

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7
Q

gland that secretes preejaculate fluid that lubricates the penile urethra prior to ejaculation

A

bulbourethral gland

Cowper gland

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8
Q

the muscle that raises the testicle

A

cremaster muscle

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9
Q

the tube that connects the epididymis to the seminal vesicles

A

ductus (vas) deferens

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10
Q

a coiled structure that is attached to the testicle and the posterior scrotal wall that is responsible for storing sperm

A

epididymis

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11
Q

inflammation of the epididymis and testis

A

epididymoorchitis

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12
Q

a type of neoplasm derived from germ cells of the gonads; may be found outside of the reproductive tract

A

germ cell tumor

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13
Q

hormone produced by the trophoblastic cells of the early placenta; may also be used as a tumor marker in nongravid patients and males

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

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14
Q

a fluid collection within the scrotum; most often found between the two layers of the tunica vaginalis

A

hydrocele

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15
Q

a condition in which a male has an extra X chromosome; characteristic features include small testicles, infertility, gynecomastia, long legs, and abnormally low intelligence

A

Klinefelter syndrome

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16
Q

the structure that separates the scrotum into two compartments externally

A

median raphe

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17
Q

the structure that is formed by the tunica albuginea and contains the rete testis

A

mediastinum testis

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18
Q

the surgery that moves an undescended testis into the scrotum

A

orchiopexy

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19
Q

inflammation of the testis or testicles

A

orchitis

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20
Q

the group of veins in the scrotum

A

pampiniform plexus

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21
Q

the largest zone of the prostate and most common location for prostatic cancer

A

peripheral zone

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22
Q

a network of tubules that carry sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis

A

rete testis

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23
Q

an extratesticular calculi

A

scrotal pearl

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24
Q

a fluid that contains secretions from the testicles, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland

A

semen

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25
Q

small glands located superior to the prostate gland and posterior to the base of the bladder, which secrete an alkaline-based fluid

A

seminal vesicles

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26
Q

the location of spermatogenesis within the testicles

A

seminiferous tubules

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27
Q

the most common malignant neoplasm of the testicles

A

seminoma

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28
Q

the structure that travels through the inguinal canal and contains blood vessels, nerves, lymph nodes, and the cremaster muscle

A

spermatic cord

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29
Q

a common cyst that is found most often in the head of the epididymis that is composed of nonviable sperm, fat, cellular debris, and lymphocytes

A

spermatocele

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30
Q

the prostatic zone that is the most common site for benign prostatic hypertrophy

A

transitional zone

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31
Q

the dense connective tissue that is closely applied to each testicle

A

tunica albuginea

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32
Q

the structure that separates the scrotum into two separate compartments internally

A

tunica dartos

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33
Q

the paired serous coatings of the testis; hydroceles are most often found between these two layers

A

tunica vaginalis

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34
Q

an elevated area within the prostatic urethra at which the ejaculatory ducts meet the urethra

A

verumontanum

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35
Q

testicles descend into the pelvis at the ___ week of gestation

A

4th

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36
Q

the testicles descend into the scrotum at __ weeks gestation

A

28

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37
Q

where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

within the seminiferous tubules

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38
Q

endocrine function of the testicles

A

produce testosterone

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39
Q

exocrine function of the testicles

A

produce sperm

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40
Q

3 parts of the epididymis

A

head
body
tail

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41
Q

2 roles of the epidiymis

A

stores sperm in order for them to mature

transports sperm into the ductus (vas) deferens

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42
Q

the ductus (vas) deferens is a tube that connects the epididymis to the _________________

A

seminal vesicles

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43
Q

the testicles receive most of their blood supply from the what?

A

testicular arteries

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44
Q

testicular arteries are branches of what?

A

abdominal aorta

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45
Q

testicular venous drainage is performed by what?

A

pampiniform plexus

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46
Q

the right testicular vein drains into the _________ and the left testicular vein drains into the _________

A

IVC

left renal vein

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47
Q

5 components of the spermatic cord

A 
testicular artery
pampiniform plexus
lymph nodes
nerves
cremaster muscle
48
Q

normal scrotal wall thickness

A

2-8 mm

49
Q

normal adult testicles measurements

A

3-5 cm in length
2-4 cm in width
3 cm in thickness

50
Q

normal epididymis head measurement

A

10-12 mm

51
Q

cryptorchidism is found in _____% of full-term births

A

3-4

52
Q

an undescended testis will appear ___________ to a normal testis

A

hypoechoic

53
Q

Clinical findings:

one or both testicles not palpable within the scrotum

A

cryptorchidism

54
Q

Sonographic findings:
testis located outside of the scrotum
the cryptorchid testis will appear hypoechoic to the normal testis

A

cryptorchidism

55
Q

ages testicular torsion occurs most often

A

12-18 years old

56
Q

testicle salvage rates range from 80-100% if the patient with testicular torsion is treated within _ hours of symptom onset

A

6

57
Q

a torsed testicle is usually not salvageable after _ hours

A

24

58
Q

Clinical findings:
acute onset of testicular pain (often during sleep)
possible pain within the lower abdomen and inguinal region
swollen testis/scrotum
nausea and vomiting
higher-positioned, painful testis with a horizontal position

A

acute testicular torsion

59
Q

Sonographic findings:
enlargement of the spermatic cord, epididymis, and testis
thickened scrotal wall
hypoechoic or heterogeneous testis
reactive hydrocele
no intratesticular flow
decreased intratesticular flow (as compared with the asymptomatic testis)

A

acute testicular torsion

60
Q

Sonographic findings:
enlargement of the spermatic cord, epididymis, and testis
no intratesticular flow
hyperemic flow around the testis
heterogeneous testis with areas of necrosis

A

chronic testicular torsion

61
Q

most common cause of acute scrotal pain in prepubertal boys

A

torsion of the appendix testis

62
Q

3 appendages of the testis

A

appendix testis
appendix epidiymis
appendix vas

63
Q

Clinical findings:
acute testicular pain
pain localized to the superior pole of the testis
“blue dot” sign

A

torsion of the testicular appendage

64
Q 
Sonographic findings:
normal intratesticular flow
small, avascular, hypoechoic or hyperechoic mass adjacent to the superior pole of the testis
reactive hydrocele
scrotal wall thickening
A

torsion of the testicular appendage

65
Q

Clinical findings:
transilluminates light
painless scrotal swelling
may present with pain when found in the presence of scrotal infections, testicular torsion, trauma, or a tumor

A

hydrocele

66
Q

Sonographic findings:
simple fluid anterior to the testis
scrotal wall thickening
chronic hydroceles may have internal debris and septations

A

hydrocele

67
Q

spermatoceles are most commonly found where?

A

head of the epidiymis

68
Q

Clinical findings:
if large enough, they may be palpable
typically not painful

A

spermatocele, epidiymal cyst, tunica albuginea cyst

69
Q

Sonographic findings:
round, anechoic mass with acoustic enhancement
may contain some layering debris

A

spermatocele, epididymal cyst, tunica albuginea cyst

70
Q

what do incompetent or abnormal valves within the pampiniform plexus cause?

A

varicoceles

71
Q

most common cause of correctable male infertility

A

varicoceles

cause excess blood within scrotum, extra heat, overheat the sperm

72
Q

2 types of varicoceles and where they are found

A

primary - most often found on the left
secondary - found on the right (promptly investigate kidneys and retroperitoneum due to their association with hydronephrosis, hepatomegaly, and retroperitoneal neoplasm)

73
Q

Clinical findings:
palpable extratesticular mass
possible infertility

A

varicocele

74
Q

Sonographic findings:
a group of anechoic, tubular structures located outside of the testis
distended veins that fill with color flow when the Valsalva maneuver is performed
dilated veins that measure greater than 2 mm
possible associated with hydronephrosis, hepatomegaly, or a retroperitoneal neoplasm if found on the right

A

varicocele

75
Q

Sonographic findings:

extremely echogenic, mobile extratesticular structure that produces acoustic shadowing

A

scrotal pearl

76
Q

most common cause of acute testicular pain in adults

A

epididymitis

77
Q

most common cause of epididymitis in young men

A

chlamydia

78
Q 
Clinical findings:
acute testicular pain
fever
dysuria
urethral discharge
skin wall edema
A

epididymitis or epididymoorchitis

79
Q

Sonographic findings:
enlargement of the entire epididymis (diffuse)
enlargement of only part of the epidiymis (focal)
hypoechoic echotexture of the affected section(s) of the epididymis
hyperemia within the epididymis and/or testis
thickened scrotal wall

A

epididymitis or epididymoorchitis

80
Q

what typically causes a testicular abscess?

A

untreated epididymoorchitis

81
Q

Clinical findings:
painful, swollen scrotum
fever
elevated white blood cell count

A

testicular abscess

82
Q

Sonographic findings:
complex intratesticular mass
mass that has no flow centrally but increased flow around its margins
may have a co-existing pyocele

A

testicular abscess

83
Q

Sonographic findings:
complex fluid collection within the scrotum
scrotal wall thickening
may be seen in conjunction with rupture of a testicular abscess

A

pyocele

84
Q

_____testicular masses are often considered malignant until proven otherwise, while the majority of _____testicular masses are typically benign

A

intra

extra

85
Q

an elevation in _____ levels is found in conjunction with malignant intratesticular tumors 60% of the time

A

hCG

86
Q

3 things an elevated AFP level can indicate in a male

A

embryonal cell carcinoma
adult teratoma
yolk sac tumor

87
Q

6 germ cell tumors of the testicles

A 
pure seminoma
teratoma
embryonal cell carcinoma
yolk sac tumor
choriocarcinoma
burned-out germ cell tumor
88
Q

2 sex cord-stromal tumors of the testicles

A

Leydig cell tumor

Sertoli cell tumor

89
Q

the seminoma is a ________ tumor that is typically found in males between __ and __ years of age

A

germ cell
30
50

90
Q

Clinical findings:
painless scrotal mass
hardening of the testis
elevated hCG

A

seminoma

91
Q

Sonographic findings:

solid, hypoechoic intratesticular mass

A

seminoma

92
Q

Clinical findings:
trauma to the scrotum resulting in acute scrotal pain
low hematocrit

A

scrotal trauma

93
Q

Sonographic findings:
possible fracture line
indistinct testicular margins
hematocele

A

scrotal trauma

94
Q

Clinical findings:
trauma to the pelvis or scrotum
recent pelvic or scrotal surgery
low hematocrit

A

hematocele

95
Q

Sonographic findings:
complex fluid collection within the scrotum
scrotal wall thickening

A

hematocele

96
Q

Clinical findings:
persistent or intermittent scrotal swelling
may have abdominal pain and blood in stool

A

inguinal hernia

97
Q

Sonographic findings:
heterogeneous mass within the scrotum that moves (peristalsis)
mass may contain air and fluid
hydrocele may be present

A

inguinal hernia

98
Q

the prostate is a retroperitoneal gland that produces and secretes an ________ fluid that constitutes between __ and __% of the semen

A

alkaline
13
30

99
Q

4 zones of the prostate

A

peripheral zone
central zone
transitional zone
periurethral glandular zone

100
Q

a protein produced by the prostate

A

prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

101
Q

the most common cancer in men

A

prostate cancer in the form of adenocarcinoma

102
Q

Clinical findings:
elevated PSA
enlarged prostate
blood in the urine or semen
back pain, pelvic pain, hip or thigh pain
impotence
decrease in the amount of ejaculated fluid

A

prostate cancer

103
Q

Sonographic findings:
varying sonographic appearance
hypoechoic mass in prostate
may be hypervascular

A

prostate cancer

104
Q 
Clinical findings:
nocturia
increased urinary frequency
sense of urinary urgency
constant feeling of having a full bladder
elevated PSA
A

benign prostatic hypertrophy

105
Q 
Sonographic findings:
enlargement of the inner prostate
can lead to hypoechoic areas within the prostate
calcifications within the prostate
diffusely heterogeneous prostate
cystic changes within the prostate
A

benign prostatic hypertrophy

106
Q 
Secondary varicoceles are associated with all of the following except:
A. left-sided location
B. right-sided location
C. hepatomegaly
D. renal mass
A

left-sided location

107
Q 
The most common location of benign prostatic hypertrophy is the:
A. peripheral zone
B. transitional zone
C. central zone
D. verumontanum
A

transitional zone

108
Q 
Primary varicoceles are associated with all of the following except:
A. left-sided location
B. retroperitoneal mass
C. infertility
D. palpable extratesticular mass
A

retroperitoneal mass

109
Q 
The exocrine function of the testicles is to produce:
A. testosterone
B. human chorionic gonadotropin
C. alpha-fetoprotein
D. sperm
A

sperm

110
Q

The most common location of a hydrocele is:
A. superior to the testis
B. within the scrotal wall
C. between the two layers of the tunica vaginalis
D. between the tunical vaginalis and tunica albuginea

A

between the two layers of the tunica vaginalis

111
Q

Dilated veins of a varicocele will measure:
A. >8 mm
B. >4 mm
C. 2 mm

A

> 2 mm

112
Q 
The endocrine function of the testicles is to produce:
A. testosterone
B. human chorionic gonadotropin
C. alpha-fetoprotein
D. sperm
A

testosterone

113
Q 
The most common germ cell tumor of the testis is the:
A. yolk sac tumor
B. embryonal cell carcinoma
C. seminoma
D. teratoma
A

seminoma

114
Q 
The most common location of a varicocele is:
A. the right side of the scrotum
B. the left side of the scrotum
C. the inguinal canal
D. within the testis
A

the left side of the scrotum

115
Q 
The most common location of prostatic cancer is the:
A. peripheral zone
B. transitional zone
C. central zone
D. verumontanum
A

peripheral zone

116
Q 
What is the most common sonographic appearance of a seminoma?
A. hyperechoic
B. anechoic
C. heterogeneous with calcifications
D. hypoechoic
A

hypoechoic

Abdomen Board Review (14 decks)

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