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Abdomen Board Review > Chapter 12: The Neck > Flashcards

Chapter 12: The Neck Flashcards

1
Q

benign congenital neck cysts found most often near the angle of the mandible

A

branchial cleft cysts

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2
Q

the hypofunctioning thyroid nodules seen on a nuclear medicine study that have malignant potential

A

cold nodules

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3
Q

the fluid produced by the thyroid that contains thyroid hormones

A

colloid

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4
Q

an enlarged, hyperplastic thyroid gland

A

goiter

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5
Q

the most common cause of hyperthyroidism that produces bulging eyes, heat intolerance, nervousness, weight loss, and hair loss

A

Graves disease

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6
Q

the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis

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7
Q

the hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules seen on a nuclear medicine study that are almost always benign

A

hot nodules

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8
Q

the most common form of thyroid cancer

A

papillary carcinoma

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9
Q

a normal variant of the thyroid gland in which there is a superior extension of the isthmus

A

pyramidal lobe

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10
Q

benign congenital cysts located within the midline of the neck superior to the thyroid gland near the hyoid bone

A

thyroglossal duct cysts

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11
Q

the embryonic duct that is located from the base of the tongue to the midportion of the anterior neck

A

thyroglossal duct

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12
Q

the thyroid is an __________ gland

A

endocrine

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13
Q

what produces thyroid-releasing hormone?

A

hypothalamus

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14
Q

what does thyroid-releasing hormone do?

A

controls the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary gland

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15
Q

3 hormones released by the thyroid

A

thyroxine (T4)
triiodothyronine (T3)
calcitonin

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16
Q

what do the 3 and 4 in T3 and T4 mean?

A

the number of iodine atoms contained within each hormone

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17
Q

the most abundant hormone produced by the thyroid

A

thyroxine (T4)

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18
Q

the most medial vessel to the thyroid

A

common carotid artery

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19
Q

first branch of the external carotid artery

A

superior thyroid artery

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20
Q

the inferior thyroid artery is a branch of what?

A

the thyrocervical trunk of the subclavian artery

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21
Q

thyroid veins drain into what?

A

internal jugular vein

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22
Q

normal measurements of the thyroid

A 
lobes:
4-6 cm in length
2-3 cm in width
1-2 cm in thickness
(right lobe is usually largest)
isthmus:
2-6 mm front to back
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23
Q

thyroid volume formula

A

length x width x thickness x 0.52

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24
Q

neck muscles should appear __________ compared to thyroid tissue

A

hypoechoic

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25
Q

3 strap muscles in the neck

A

sternohyoid
sternothyroid
omohyoid

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26
Q

the esophagus lies __________ to the thyroid and is most often seen on the ________ side

A

posterior

left

27
Q

the most efficient way to determine the character of clinically identifiable thyroid nodules

A

fine needle aspiration (FNA)

28
Q

3 common causes of goiter

A

iodine deficiency
Graves disease
thyroiditis

29
Q

an isthmus that measures greater than ____ is indicative of thyroid enlargement

A

10 mm

30
Q

an enlarged thyroid gland that contains multiple nodules with cystic and solid components

A

multinodular or adenomatous goiter

31
Q

Sonographic findings:
heterogeneous echotexture (neck)
may contain multiple nodules with cystic and solid components

A

goiter

32
Q

Graves disease is also called what?

A

diffuse toxic goiter

33
Q 
Clinical findings:
bulging eyes
heat intolerance
nervousness
weight loss
hair loss
A

Graves disease (hyperthyroidism)

34
Q

Sonographic findings:
enlarged gland
heterogeneous or diffusely hypoechoic echotexture
thyroid inferno

A

Graves disease (hyperthyroidism)

35
Q

Hashimoto disease may also be called what?

A

chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis

36
Q 
Clinical findings:
depression
increased cold sensitivity
elevated blood cholesterol levels
slight weight gain may occur
constipation
A

Hashimoto thyroiditis (hypothyroidism)

37
Q

Sonographic findings:
mild enlargement of the thyroid gland
heterogeneous echotexture
hypervascular gland

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis (hypothyroidism)

38
Q

most common masses identified within the thyroid gland

A

benign thyroid nodules

39
Q

most common benign thyroid neoplasm

A

follicular adenomas

40
Q

the presence of what within a thyroid seems to increase the likelihood of a malignancy

A

microcalcifications

41
Q

5 characteristics of benign thyroid nodules

A 
extensive cystic components
cysts  nodule (nuclear medicine finding)
42
Q

5 characteristics of malignant thyroid nodules

A 
hypoechoic mass
mass with internal microcalcifications
solitary mass
enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes (metastasis)
"cold" nodule (nuclear medicine finding)
43
Q

how many pairs of parathyroid glands are there?

A

2

4 total glands, sometimes 5

44
Q

purpose of the parathyroid glands

A

calcium regulators

control the release and absorption of calcium by producing parathyroid hormone (PTH

45
Q

most common cause of enlargement of a parathyroid gland

A

parathyroid adenoma

46
Q

Clinical findings:
elevated serum calcium
elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

parathyroid adenoma

47
Q

Sonographic findings:

hypoechoic mass adjacent to the thyroid

A

parathyroid adenoma

48
Q 
Sonographic findings:
enlargement of the node >1 cm
rounded shape
loss of the echogenic hilum
calcifications
A

abnormal lymph nodes

49
Q

Clinical findings:

palpable mass within the midline of the neck superior to the thyroid gland

A

thyroglossal duct cyst

50
Q

Sonographic findings:

anechoic, well-defined, and unilocular cyst with posterior enhancement

A

thyroglossal duct cyst

51
Q

Clinical findings:

palpable neck mass located near the angle of the mandible

A

branchial cleft cyst

52
Q

Sonographic findings:

anechoic mass near the angle of the mandible

A

branchial cleft cyst

53
Q 
Benign congenital cysts located superior to the thyroid gland near the hyoid bone are referred to as:
A. branchial cleft cysts
B. follicular adenomas
C. thyroglossal duct cysts
D. parathyroid adenomas
A

thyroglossal duct cysts

54
Q 
A cystic mass noted at the mandibular angle is most likely a:
A. branchial cleft cyst
B. follicular adenoma
C. thyroglossal duct cyst
D. parathyroid adenoma
A

branchial cleft cyst

55
Q 
Parathyroid glands control the release and absorption of which nutrient?
A. thyroxine (T4)
B. triiodothyronine (T3)
C. calcitonin
D. calcium
A

calcium

56
Q

Which of the following best describes the normal appearance of a cervical lymph node?
A. a hypoechoic, oblong structure with a distinct echogenic hilum
B. a rounded, echogenic structure with small calcifications
C. a solid, hypoechoic mass that measures less than 1 cm
D. a solid, echogenic mass that measures less than 1 cm

A

a hypoechoic, oblong structure with a distinct echogenic hilum

57
Q 
All of the following are sonographic findings of malignant thyroid nodules except:
A. internal calcifications
B. echogenic mass
C. cervical node involvment
D. solitary mass
A

echogenic mass

58
Q 
All of the following are diagnostic findings of benign thyroid nodules except:
A. anechoic mass
B. eggshell calcification
C. hyperechoic mass
D. cold nodule
A

cold nodule

59
Q 
Which of the following is the most common form of thyroid cancer?
A. follicular
B. anaplastic
C. lymphoma
D. papillary
A

papillary

60
Q 
All of the following are sonographic findings of an abnormal lymph node except:
A. rounded shape
B. echogenic hilum
C. calcifications
D. enlargement
A

echogenic hilum

61
Q 
Which muscles are located posterior to each thyroid lobe?
A. sternocleidomastoid
B. longus colli
C. sternohyoid
D. omohyoid
A

longus colli

62
Q 
Which muscles are located lateral to each thyroid lobe?
A. sternocleidomastoid
B. longus colli
C. sternohyoid
D. omohyoid
A

sternocleidomastoid

63
Q 
Which vascular structure is located closest to the thyroid lobes?
A. external carotid vein
B. external carotid artery
C. internal jugular vein
D. internal carotid artery
A

internal carotid artery

64
Q 
Which muscles are located anterior to the thyroid gland?
A. sternocleidomastoid
B. longus colli
C. thyrocervical trunk
D. strap
A

strap muscles

Abdomen Board Review (14 decks)

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