Chapter 12: The Neck Flashcards
benign congenital neck cysts found most often near the angle of the mandible
branchial cleft cysts
the hypofunctioning thyroid nodules seen on a nuclear medicine study that have malignant potential
cold nodules
the fluid produced by the thyroid that contains thyroid hormones
colloid
an enlarged, hyperplastic thyroid gland
goiter
the most common cause of hyperthyroidism that produces bulging eyes, heat intolerance, nervousness, weight loss, and hair loss
Graves disease
the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States
Hashimoto thyroiditis
the hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules seen on a nuclear medicine study that are almost always benign
hot nodules
the most common form of thyroid cancer
papillary carcinoma
a normal variant of the thyroid gland in which there is a superior extension of the isthmus
pyramidal lobe
benign congenital cysts located within the midline of the neck superior to the thyroid gland near the hyoid bone
thyroglossal duct cysts
the embryonic duct that is located from the base of the tongue to the midportion of the anterior neck
thyroglossal duct
the thyroid is an __________ gland
endocrine
what produces thyroid-releasing hormone?
hypothalamus
what does thyroid-releasing hormone do?
controls the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary gland
3 hormones released by the thyroid
thyroxine (T4)
triiodothyronine (T3)
calcitonin
what do the 3 and 4 in T3 and T4 mean?
the number of iodine atoms contained within each hormone
the most abundant hormone produced by the thyroid
thyroxine (T4)
the most medial vessel to the thyroid
common carotid artery
first branch of the external carotid artery
superior thyroid artery
the inferior thyroid artery is a branch of what?
the thyrocervical trunk of the subclavian artery
thyroid veins drain into what?
internal jugular vein
normal measurements of the thyroid
lobes: 4-6 cm in length 2-3 cm in width 1-2 cm in thickness (right lobe is usually largest) isthmus: 2-6 mm front to back
thyroid volume formula
length x width x thickness x 0.52
neck muscles should appear __________ compared to thyroid tissue
hypoechoic
3 strap muscles in the neck
sternohyoid
sternothyroid
omohyoid
the esophagus lies __________ to the thyroid and is most often seen on the ________ side
posterior
left
the most efficient way to determine the character of clinically identifiable thyroid nodules
fine needle aspiration (FNA)
3 common causes of goiter
iodine deficiency
Graves disease
thyroiditis
an isthmus that measures greater than ____ is indicative of thyroid enlargement
10 mm
an enlarged thyroid gland that contains multiple nodules with cystic and solid components
multinodular or adenomatous goiter
Sonographic findings:
heterogeneous echotexture (neck)
may contain multiple nodules with cystic and solid components
goiter
Graves disease is also called what?
diffuse toxic goiter
Clinical findings: bulging eyes heat intolerance nervousness weight loss hair loss
Graves disease (hyperthyroidism)
Sonographic findings:
enlarged gland
heterogeneous or diffusely hypoechoic echotexture
thyroid inferno
Graves disease (hyperthyroidism)
Hashimoto disease may also be called what?
chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis
Clinical findings: depression increased cold sensitivity elevated blood cholesterol levels slight weight gain may occur constipation
Hashimoto thyroiditis (hypothyroidism)
Sonographic findings:
mild enlargement of the thyroid gland
heterogeneous echotexture
hypervascular gland
Hashimoto thyroiditis (hypothyroidism)
most common masses identified within the thyroid gland
benign thyroid nodules
most common benign thyroid neoplasm
follicular adenomas
the presence of what within a thyroid seems to increase the likelihood of a malignancy
microcalcifications
5 characteristics of benign thyroid nodules
extensive cystic components cysts nodule (nuclear medicine finding)
5 characteristics of malignant thyroid nodules
hypoechoic mass mass with internal microcalcifications solitary mass enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes (metastasis) "cold" nodule (nuclear medicine finding)
how many pairs of parathyroid glands are there?
2
4 total glands, sometimes 5
purpose of the parathyroid glands
calcium regulators
control the release and absorption of calcium by producing parathyroid hormone (PTH
most common cause of enlargement of a parathyroid gland
parathyroid adenoma
Clinical findings:
elevated serum calcium
elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH)
parathyroid adenoma
Sonographic findings:
hypoechoic mass adjacent to the thyroid
parathyroid adenoma
Sonographic findings: enlargement of the node >1 cm rounded shape loss of the echogenic hilum calcifications
abnormal lymph nodes
Clinical findings:
palpable mass within the midline of the neck superior to the thyroid gland
thyroglossal duct cyst
Sonographic findings:
anechoic, well-defined, and unilocular cyst with posterior enhancement
thyroglossal duct cyst
Clinical findings:
palpable neck mass located near the angle of the mandible
branchial cleft cyst
Sonographic findings:
anechoic mass near the angle of the mandible
branchial cleft cyst
Benign congenital cysts located superior to the thyroid gland near the hyoid bone are referred to as: A. branchial cleft cysts B. follicular adenomas C. thyroglossal duct cysts D. parathyroid adenomas
thyroglossal duct cysts
A cystic mass noted at the mandibular angle is most likely a: A. branchial cleft cyst B. follicular adenoma C. thyroglossal duct cyst D. parathyroid adenoma
branchial cleft cyst
Parathyroid glands control the release and absorption of which nutrient? A. thyroxine (T4) B. triiodothyronine (T3) C. calcitonin D. calcium
calcium
Which of the following best describes the normal appearance of a cervical lymph node?
A. a hypoechoic, oblong structure with a distinct echogenic hilum
B. a rounded, echogenic structure with small calcifications
C. a solid, hypoechoic mass that measures less than 1 cm
D. a solid, echogenic mass that measures less than 1 cm
a hypoechoic, oblong structure with a distinct echogenic hilum
All of the following are sonographic findings of malignant thyroid nodules except: A. internal calcifications B. echogenic mass C. cervical node involvment D. solitary mass
echogenic mass
All of the following are diagnostic findings of benign thyroid nodules except: A. anechoic mass B. eggshell calcification C. hyperechoic mass D. cold nodule
cold nodule
Which of the following is the most common form of thyroid cancer? A. follicular B. anaplastic C. lymphoma D. papillary
papillary
All of the following are sonographic findings of an abnormal lymph node except: A. rounded shape B. echogenic hilum C. calcifications D. enlargement
echogenic hilum
Which muscles are located posterior to each thyroid lobe? A. sternocleidomastoid B. longus colli C. sternohyoid D. omohyoid
longus colli
Which muscles are located lateral to each thyroid lobe? A. sternocleidomastoid B. longus colli C. sternohyoid D. omohyoid
sternocleidomastoid
Which vascular structure is located closest to the thyroid lobes? A. external carotid vein B. external carotid artery C. internal jugular vein D. internal carotid artery
internal carotid artery
Which muscles are located anterior to the thyroid gland? A. sternocleidomastoid B. longus colli C. thyrocervical trunk D. strap
strap muscles
