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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 8 Lecture > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac

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2
Q

What are the two types of tissue with action potiental?

A

Neurons and muscle tissue

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3
Q

What is myology?

A

The study of muscles

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4
Q

How much body weight is attributed to skeletal muscles?

A

20 to 40%

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5
Q

What are the four characteristics of muscle tissue?

A

Excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity

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6
Q

In reference to muscle cells, what does excitability mean?

A

can also be referred to as ‘irritable’, if you stimulate them, they will respond or action potiential

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7
Q

In reference to muscle cells, what is contractility mean?

A

Ability to shorten (due to sliding filament theory)

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8
Q

In reference to muscle cells, what does extensibility mean?

A

Ability to stretch longer than they are

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9
Q

In reference to muscle cells, what does elasticity mean?

A

Ability to come back to resting state after being streched

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10
Q

What is the primary function of skeletal muscle?

A

Primary function is to contract

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11
Q

Muscle tone refers to the…

A

partial contracting

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12
Q

Muscle tone and muscle ______ are the same

A

fibers

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13
Q

What are the 5 functions of skeletal muscle?

A
  • Produce movement
  • maintain posture and stability of body position
  • Helps in functioning of internal organs through contractions
  • Sphincter muscles guard entrance and exits to body
  • Produce and maintain body temp
  • Store nutrient reserves
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14
Q

What is the proper order of the anatomy of skeletal muscle?

*******

A

Entire muscle—->Fascicles—->Muscle fibers—–>Myofribrils; 1. Actin, 2. Myosin

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15
Q

What are fascicles?

A

Bundles of individual bundles of cells

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16
Q

What do t-tubules do?

A

Take action potential deep within muscle

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17
Q

What is action potential?

A

What tells the muscles when to contract

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18
Q

What are the layers of connective tissues associated with skeletal muscle?

A

Epiysium, Perimysium, Endomysium

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19
Q

Where is the epimysium located?

A

On the outside of the muscle

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20
Q

Where is the Perimysium located?

A

Lining the inside of the epimysium, and makes up the fasicles

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21
Q

Where is the endomysium located?

A

Tissue within a fasicle

22
Q

Muscle cell=

A

muscle fiber

23
Q

What does tropomyosin do?

A

In a high calcium concentration, it binds with CA+ allowing myosin to engage with actin (aka. contract)
In a low calcium concentration, it blocks myosin from engaging with actin

24
Q

What is troponin do?

A

Attaches tropomyosin to actin

25
Q

What is the membrane of a muscle cell?

A

Sarcolema

26
Q

What is the purpose of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Store CA++

27
Q

What is the purpose of acetylcholine?

A

It binds to acetylcholine receptors on the sarcolema, which then open, allowing Na++ to rush into the sarcoplasm, and with that action potential is transferred to the muscle cell.

28
Q

Once action potential is transferred to the muscle cell it does?

A

It propagates across the sarcolema, and down the t tubules and initiates the release of CA++ into the sarcoplasm

29
Q

Once CA++ is released into the sarcoplasm, what happens next?

A

CA++ binds with troponin on the actin filament, moving tropomyosin off the myosin binding sites on the actin filament (coupling)
Myosin then goes up, binds with the specific sites on actin and moves the thin filaments past the thick.

30
Q

When CA++ ions leave their binding sites with actin and return to the sarcoplasmic reticulum, what happens to the muscle?

A

They return to their resting state

31
Q

What is the entire process called of neuron to muscle contraction?

A

Excitation of contraction coupling

32
Q

What are the 5 phases from pre-stimulation (resting muscle) then back to resting muscle?

A

Resting—>Excitation—>Excitation/Contraction couple—->contraction —->back to resting

33
Q

What is excitation?

A

When an action potiential stimulates the muscle cell and the muscle contracts, calcium stimulates this reaction

34
Q

What neurons stimulate muscles to contract?

A

motor neurons

35
Q

What is a motor unit?

*****

A

1 axon and all the muscle cells it innervates

36
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction?

A

1 axon and one muscle cell

37
Q

Where is acetylcholine contained?

A

within synaptic vesicles

38
Q

What is a synaptic cleft?

A

a gap between a pre-synaptic cell and post synaptic cell

39
Q

What is the order of Muscle contraction from begining to end?

A

Neuromuscular junction—>Action potential to muscle cell and down T-tubule—>Excitation phase causes the release of CA++ from the terminal cisternae—->CA++ move into the sarcoplasm and bind with troponin, enabling muscles to begin to start the contraction phase—>CA++ return to SR and the muscle fibers return to a relaxing stage

40
Q

What are the two movements of myosin during contraction?

A

1) Head stroke

2) Powerstroke

41
Q

What movement does myosin make that requires ATP?

A

To return to its pre-movement position

42
Q

Stronger contractions require?

A

More motor units

43
Q

Whats the best way to increase the tension of contraction in relation to the frequency of stimulation?

A

Increase the contraction stimulus

44
Q

What is the term treppe mean and what does it refer to?

A

treppe=staircase effect

It refers to increasing contraction strength as a result of frequency of stimulation

45
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

Normal tension and firmness of a muscle at rest

46
Q

What is isotonic contraction?

A

Muscle changes length, resulting in motion

47
Q

What is concentric isotonic contraction?

A

If muscle tension remains consistent and if it exceeds the resistance (load) the muscle shortens

48
Q

What is eccentric isotonic contraction?

A

When the muscle tension remains the same while the muscle lengthens, resisting the lengthing of the muscle

49
Q

What is isometric contraction?

A

The muscle is prevented from changing length, even though tension is increasing, the load or resistance is greater than maximum force produced by muscle.

50
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Extensive training can cause muscles to grow by increasing the diameter of muscle fibers, which increases the number of myofibrils, mitochondria and glycogen reserves

51
Q

Atrpohy is?

A

Lack of muscle activity causes reduction in muscle size tone and power

Anatomy & Physiology (16 decks)

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