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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

2 systems for maintaining homeostasis

A

Endocrine and Nervous System

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2
Q

Communication->____________->homeostasis->good health

A

regulation

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3
Q

Put these in the right order-

Organ system, cell, organelle, organism, organ, chemical

A

Chemicals->organelle->cell->organ->organ system->organism

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4
Q

What is an Atom?

A

the smallest partical of an element that can display the characteristics of that element and enter into an ordinary chemical reaction

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5
Q

What is an ion?

A

When an atom looses or accepts one or more electrons

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6
Q

what is the difference between a cat ion and anion?

A

if the ion is positively charged it is a cat ion

if the ion is negatively charged it is a an ion

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7
Q

What is the Atomic Weight?

A

Average mass number of all isotopes of an element

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8
Q

What is Atomic mass number?

A

of protons and neutrons

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9
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Different # of neutrons in a different atoms of the same element

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10
Q

Which two elements can have a maximum of 2 electrons in their valence shells?

A

hydrogen and helium

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11
Q

How does a cat ion become a cation?

How does an anion become an anion?

A

By giving away an electron-cation and by having a positive charge
By accepting an electron-anion and by having a negative charge

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12
Q

What do ionic bonds from?

A

New substances

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13
Q

Are ionic bonds strong?

A

No

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14
Q

what does valent refer to in covalent bond?

A

the valence shell

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15
Q

In a covalent bond, electrons are?

A

Shared

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16
Q

What is a non polar covalent bond?

A

The electrons are shared equally in the bond

example-Hydrogen or any time there are atoms of the same element form a covalent bond it will always be a non polar bond

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17
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

Electrons are shared unequally between the two atoms

example-H20

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18
Q

Do hydrogen bonds form new substances?

A

no

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19
Q

How strong are hydrogen bonds?

A

Very weak, but strength in numbers

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20
Q

What does a straight line represent?

A

a covalent bond

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21
Q

What does a dotted line represent?

A

a hydrogen bond

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22
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

A bond between hydrogen and either oxygen or nitrogen

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23
Q

Where do hydrogen bonds form?

A

They form on the hydrogen end

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24
Q

What are the functions of hydrogen bonds?

A

Hold molecules together, dictate shape or hold DNA together

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25
Q

What are molecules?

A

When two atoms join to form structures held together by covalent bonds

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26
Q

Changing the shape of a molecule does what?

A

It changes it’s function

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27
Q

If you had an atom with 11 protons and 12 neutrons, is that more likely to become a cation or an anion?

A

It would more than likely become a cation

*****

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28
Q

Chemical actions that build bonds do what?

A

store energy

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29
Q

Chemical reactions that break bonds do what?

A

release energy

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30
Q

If energy that is stored was all released at once within a cell?

A

It would produce to much heat and the cell would be destroyed

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31
Q

What is the energy currency molecule in the cell?

A

ATP

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32
Q

Energy within a cell needs to be released in _______ quanties?

A

small

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33
Q

What is the most readily available energy source for cells?

A

glucose

34
Q

Glucose->CO2->ADP+Energy+phosphate=

A

ATP

35
Q

~means?

A

high energy bond

36
Q

When phosphate is added it is called?

A

Phosphorylation

37
Q

When ATP releases phosphate and energy it is called?

A

Hydrolosis

38
Q

ADP + (P+E)=

A

ATP

39
Q

ATP - (P+E)=

A

ADP

40
Q

A + B + C———->ABC

Name the reactants

A

A, B, C

41
Q

When you see the arrows going two ways in a chemical equation it means?

A

The reaction is reversable

42
Q

the SUM of all the chemical reactions in the body is?

A

Metabolism

43
Q

Anabolism?

A

Small substances form larger substances

44
Q

What is Catabolism?

A

When larger substances break down into smaller substances

45
Q

Endergoinic reaction _________ energy.

A

stores

46
Q

Exergonic reactions __________ energy.

A

releases

47
Q

An anabolic reactions ________ energy.

A

Stores (Endergonic)

48
Q

A Catabolic reaction _________ energy.

A

Releases (Exergonic)

49
Q

C6H1206+C6H1206—>C12H22011+H20

Is this anabolic or catabolic?

A

anabolic and endergonic

**

50
Q

What are the factors the influence the rate of chemical reactions?

A

Reactants ability to react
Concentration of the reactants
Temperature
Catalysts

51
Q

What determines molecular reactions?

A

Random molecular movement

52
Q

Why is water so important to life?

A

Helps stabilize body temperature
Water is liquid at our body temp to b/c of its ability to hold heat so well due to hydrogen body
Protection
Due to hyrdogen bonding water molecules are cohesive
Universal solvent

53
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

Substance that will speed up a chemical reactions without being changed in the reaction

54
Q

What are the most common catalysts in the living system?

A

enzymes

55
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being changed in the process

56
Q

Synthesis reactions get?

A

bigger

57
Q

Decomposition reactions get?

A

smaller

58
Q

C6H1206+C6H1206—>C12H22011+H20

What kind of reaction is this?

A

Dehydration synthesis
Anabolic reaction
*****

59
Q

If you see H20 in the product of a reaction, you can deduce that it is a?

A

Dehydration synthesis reaction

60
Q

C12H22011+H20—>C6H1206+C6H1206H20
What kind of reaction is this?
Is it catabolic or anabolic

A

Catabolic Reaction
Hydrolosis
decomposition reaction
*****

61
Q

Hydrolosis is when?

A

Water is put back

62
Q

What’s the percent of water in the human body?

A

60-80%

63
Q

Water is the ___________ in which most chemical reactions occur in the body.

A

medium

64
Q

What is a electrolyte?

A

Soluble inorganic substances whose ions will conduct an electrical current when dissociated in a solution.
*Virtually ALL ionic compounds are electrolytes.

65
Q

How does water allow us to maintain body temp?

A

By sweating

66
Q

Which ions from dissociated substances are found in bodily fluid?

A

Na+, CA++, K+, CL-,H+

67
Q

Putting salt in water would be considered?

A

dissasociation

68
Q

Hydrophilic means?

A

Water loving

69
Q

Hydrophobic means?

A

Water hating

70
Q

Polar molecules are?

A

Hydrophilic

71
Q

Non polar molecules are?

A

Hydrophobic

72
Q

What do we want from electrolytes?

A

the ions

73
Q

What are acids?

A

A substance that dissociates in water releasing ‘free’ hydrogen ions.

74
Q

To be an acid you must have at least __ hydrogen ions?

A

3

75
Q

Do strong acids dissociate completely?

What do weak acids do?

A

Strong acids dissociate completely

Weak acids do not dissociate and are reversable

76
Q

Anything that will bind with hydrogen is considered a?

A

Base

77
Q

Anything that releases _________ is considered a base.

A

hydroxide ions

78
Q

What is meant by the term pH?

A

Power of hydrogen

79
Q

How do buffers work?

A

Stabilizing the pH by adding or removing H+ from solution

80
Q

What is a typical buffer system?

A

A weak acid and an ion of it’s related salt.

81
Q

Blood pH is from what?

A

7.35 to 7.45

Anatomy & Physiology (16 decks)

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