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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 3 & 4 lecture > Flashcards

Chapter 3 & 4 lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Anything that binds with a receptor protein in the membrane of a cell is called a?

A

Ligand

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2
Q

Osmosis is?

A

The NET movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a solution of lower concentration of solutes to a solution of higher concentrations of solutes

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3
Q

Water has to pass through a channel protein the membrane called?

A

Aquapore

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4
Q

What are the 3 most important things to consider regarding osmosis?

A
  1. Almost all cells are permeable to water
  2. There has to be at LEAST one solution that cannot cross the membrane
  3. The membrane must be selectively permeable
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5
Q

Osmotic pressue is?

A

The pressure that develops against the membrane to block the flow of water in a cell

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6
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

Total concentration of solutes in a solution

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7
Q

Isosmotic is?

A

Concentration being equal

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8
Q

Hyperosmotic is?

A

higher concentration of solutes

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9
Q

Hyposmotic is?

A

lower concentration of solutes

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10
Q

Water always moves from?

A

Hypotonic goes to hypertonic

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11
Q

If the cell bursts it is called ___________.

If the cell shrinks it is called ___________.

A

Lysis

Creanation

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12
Q

What is the term for moving materials in and out of cells in vesicles?

A

Vesicular Transport

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13
Q

What are the two types of Vesicular transport?

A

Exocytosis and Endocytosis

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14
Q

Endocytosis has 3 sub categories and what do they do?

A
  1. Receptor mediated endocytosis-creates vesicle
  2. Phagocytosis-cell eating
  3. Pinocytosis-Cell drinking
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15
Q

Define Differentiation-

A

The process in which non-specialized cells, often referred to as stem cells, undergo genetically-guided changes to become more specialized cells.

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16
Q

What are the 3 germ layers?

A

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm

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17
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Ongoing formation of mature blood cells

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18
Q

What are the 4 major types of tissues in the body?

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle tissue, nervous tissue

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19
Q

Epithelial tissue is considered a tissue with great cellularity, what does this mean?

A

It is made of many cells

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20
Q

What is apical surface?

A

free surface

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21
Q

What is the basil surface?

A

Deepest level of cells

22
Q

What is the basil surface attached to?

A

The basement membrane

23
Q

What is the purpose of the basement membrane?

A

Adhesion of the epithelial tissue to connective tissue

24
Q

Which tissue is avascular and noninnervated?

A

Cartilage

25
Q

Are all epithelial tissues avascular?

A

Yes, ALL epithelial tissues are avascular

26
Q

Endocrine glands release?

A

hormonal secretions into interstitial fluids, which then move into blood stream

ex. thyroid gland and pituitary gland

27
Q

Exocrine glands release?

A

Secretions into ducts which carry the secretions onto an epithelial surface

ex.sweat, tears, saliva and milk

28
Q

Merocrine secretion is the most ____________, and the most typical way this occurs is by _____________.

A

common

exocytosis

29
Q

Apocrine secretion is when?

A

part of the cell cytoplasm is released along with secretory product because the secreting cell pinches of a part of itself but is not destroyed.

30
Q

During mendocrine secretion, the cell is not _________?

A

Damaged

31
Q

In holocrine secretion the cell is ____________.

A

destroyed

32
Q

What are glands with one duct?

A

simple tubular gland

33
Q

Glands with branching ducts are called?`

A

Compound tubular glands

34
Q

If the secreting ends of the tubules end in sac like blind pockets, they are called?

A

Alveoli or acini

35
Q

Tight junctions are designed for?

A

Keeping the cells tightly together.

Not strong, stops things from entering

36
Q

Gap junctions are designed for?

A

Things to pass from one cell to another

37
Q

Desmosomes are the __________ junction. They allow cells to?

A

Strongest; bend and twist without seperation

38
Q

Why does epithelial tissue need to maintain and repair itself?

A

It is exposed to toxic chemicals, pathogens, mechanical abrasion

Dictates the need for continuous and rapid regeneration (mitotic life cycle)

New epithilial cells arise from stem cells located in basil layer

39
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A

Enclosing and seperating structures, connecting tissues to one another, support and movement, storage of energy and minerals, cushioning and insulation, transporting, protection

40
Q

All connective tissues are made up of?

A
  1. Specialized cells
  2. Extracellular matrix
    A. Protien Fibers (organic component of matrix)
    B. Ground Substance (inorganic)
41
Q

The matrix often determines the tissues?

A

specialized function

42
Q

Blasts do what?

A

make the matrix

43
Q

Cytes do?

A

maintain the matrix

44
Q

Clasts do?

A

breakdown the matrix

45
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, and elastic

46
Q

What are the two types of dense connective tissue?

A

Irregular and regular

47
Q

What are the 3 types of loose connective tissue?

A

Areolar, Adipose, Reticular

48
Q

What type of cartilage makes up the embryonic skeleton?

A

Hyaline

49
Q

What are some of the traits fibrocartilage?

A

Sturdier than hyaline cartilage, looks like fiberglass

50
Q

Which type of cartilage provides ridgidity with even more flexiblity than hyaline cartilage?

A

Elastic

51
Q

What does mesenchyme mean?

A

Origin of connective tissue

Anatomy & Physiology (16 decks)

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