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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 3 Definitions > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the outer boundary of a cell?

A

Plasma or cell membrane

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2
Q

Organelles are _____________?

A

Specialized structures that perform specific functions

Example-The nucleus is an organelle

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3
Q

Cytoplasm is?

A

located between the nucleus and plasma membrane and contains many organelles

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4
Q

What is cell metabolism?

A

The chemical reactions that occur with cells

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5
Q

What are intracellular substances?

A

Substances inside the cell

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6
Q

What are extracellular substances?

A

Substances outside the cell

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7
Q

What does intercellular mean?

A

Between cells

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8
Q

What are the predominate lipids of the plasma membrane?

A

Phospolipids and cholesterol

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9
Q

Phospholipids assemble?

A

The lipid bi-layer

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10
Q

What is the modern concept of the plasma membrane called?

A

the fluid mosaic model

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11
Q

What do marker molecules do?

A

Allow cells to identify one another or other molecules

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12
Q

What are most marker molecules?

A

glycoproteins or glycolipids

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13
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

Portions with an attached carbohydrate

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14
Q

What are glycolipids?

A

Lipids with an attached carbohydrate

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15
Q

What do attachment proteins do?

A

Allow cells to attach to other cells or to extracellular molecules

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16
Q

What are cadherins?

A

proteins that attach cells to other cells

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17
Q

What are integrins?

A

proteins that attach cells to extracellular molecules

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18
Q

What are transport proteins?

A

Proteins that extend from one surface of the cell to the other, and move ions and molecules across plasma membrane

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19
Q

What are membrane channels?

A

Chanel proteins that are like small pores that extend from one surface of the membrane to the other

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20
Q

What are receptor proteins?

A

Proteins or glycoproteins with an exposed receptor site on the outer surface

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21
Q

What does selectively permeable mean?

A

Allowing some substances but not others to pass

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22
Q

What is the tendency for ions and molecules to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration?

A

Diffusion

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23
Q

What is a solution?

A

Any mixture of liquid, gases, or solids which the substances are uniformly distributed with no clear boundary between substances

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24
Q

The _________ dissolves in the _____________.

A

The solute dissolves in the solvent

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25
Q

What is the concentration gradient?

A

The concentration difference between two points divided by the distance between two points

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26
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane such as a plasma membrane

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27
Q

In some cells, rapid water movement through a plasma membrane occurs through ________ or ___________.

A

Water channels, or aquaporins

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28
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

Force required to prevent the movement of water by osmosis across a selectively permeable membrane

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29
Q

Hydrostatic pressure is?

A

When a solution rises, the weight of a column of water in the tube produces hydrostatic pressue

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30
Q

What are Isomtic solutions?

A

Solutions with the same concentration of solute particles and the same osmotic pressure.

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31
Q

What is hyperosmotic solutions?

A

The solution with a greater concentration of solute particles and greater osmotic pressure

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32
Q

What is a hyposmotic solution?

A

The more diluted solution with the lower osmotic concentration

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33
Q

What occurs when a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?

A

Water moves into the cell, and can cause the cell to lysis (swell)

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34
Q

If a cell is in a isotonic solution what will happen?

A

Nothing, the concentration of solutes are the same

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35
Q

What occurs when a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?

A

Water moves out of the cell, resulting in cell shrinkage

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36
Q

What is mediated transport?

A

Process in which transport proteins mediate or assist in the movement of ions and molecules across the plasma membrane

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37
Q

What does specificity refer to?

A

Each transport protein moves particular molecules or ions but not others

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38
Q

When does competition occur?

A

When similar molecules or ions can be moved by the transport protein

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39
Q

When does saturation occur?

A

When the rate of movement of molecules or ions across the membrane is limited by the number of available transport protiens

40
Q

What forms membrane channels?

A

Channel proteins

41
Q

What are membrane channels that transport ions?

A

Ion channels

42
Q

Carrier protiens/transporters are?

A

Membrane proteins that move ions or molecules from one side of the plasma membrane to the other

43
Q

What is uniport?

A

Uniport is the movement of one specific ion or molecule across the membrane

44
Q

Symport is?

A

Movement of two or more different ions or molecules in the same direction across the plasma membrane

45
Q

What is antiport?

A

Movement of two or more different ions or molecules in opposite directions across the plasma membrane

46
Q

Carrier proteins can be classified into 3 categories, what are they?

A

uniporters, symporters, and antiporters

47
Q

Movement of ions or molecules by uniporter is often called __________ ______________.

A

Facilitated diffusion

48
Q

What are ATP-power pumps?

A

Transport proteins that use energy derived from from the breakdown of ATP to move ions and molecules from one side of the plasma membrane to the other

49
Q

The movement of ions and molecules by ATP-powered pumps is called ______ transport.

A

Active

50
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

A membrane bound sac that surrounds substances within the cytoplasm of cells

51
Q

What is vesicular transport?

A

Movement of materials by vesicles into, out of, or within cells

52
Q

What is vesicular transport into cells called?

A

endocytosis

53
Q

When the plasma membrane contains receptors that bind to specific molecules it is called?

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

54
Q

What accumulates materials for release from cells?

A

Secretory Vessels

55
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Cellular material outside the nucleus but inside to plasma membrane

56
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Hollow structures formed from protien subunits

57
Q

Actin filaments/microfilaments are what?

A

small fibrils formed from protein subunits that form bundles, sheets, or networks in the cytoplasm of cells

58
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

fibrils formed from protein subunits that are smaller in diameter than microtubules but larger in diameter then microfilaments

59
Q

What does the cytosol include?

What is it?

A

The cytosol includes cytoplasmic inclusions, which are aggregates of chemicals either produced by the cell or taken in by the cell

60
Q

What are structures within the cell that specialize in particular functions?

A

Organelles

61
Q

What separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm?

A

Nuclear envelope

62
Q

Through what structure do material pass in and out of the nucleus?
How is this structure formed?

A

Nuclear pores.

They are formed when the inner and outer membranes of the nuclear membrane come together

63
Q

Deoxynribonucleic acid is found where?

A

In the nucleus

64
Q

What are histones?

A

Proteins that are important to the structural organization of DNA

65
Q

What are chromatin?

A

When the chromosomes are are dispersed through nucleus as delicate filaments

66
Q

Each chromosome consists of two ____________.

A

chromatids

67
Q

Chromatids are attached at the ____________.

A

centromere

68
Q

The _____________ is a protein structure within the centromere that provides a point of attachment for microtubules during cell division

A

Kinetochore

69
Q

What are rounded, dense, well-defined nuclear bodies with no surrounding membrane that number one to four per nucleus?

A

Nucleoli

70
Q

Nucleolus produces what?

A

Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA)

71
Q

The organelles where proteins are produced are called?

A

Ribosomes

72
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Series of membranes forming sacs and tubules that extends from the outer nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm

73
Q

Rough ER is?

A

ER with ribosomes attached to it

74
Q

ER without ribosomes is called?

A

The smooth ER

75
Q

What makes up the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Consists of closely packed stacks of curved membrane bound sacs

76
Q

What does the ER pinch off to form a small sac called a?

A

transport vesicle

77
Q

What does a transport vesicle do?

A

moves to the Golgi Apparatus, fuses with it’s membrane and releases protien into it’s cisterna

78
Q

What are secretory vesicles?

A

Small, membrane bound sacs that transport material produced in cells to the exterior of cells

79
Q

Lysosomes are?

A

Membrane bond vesicles formed from the Golgi Apparatus

80
Q

Peroxisomes are?

A

small membrane-bound vesicles containing enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide

–>These cells break down hydrogen peroxide and are active in detoxification

81
Q

What are proteasome?

A

Tunnel like structures, similar to channel protein and not bounded by membranes

82
Q

What are bean-shaped, rod-shaped, or thread-like organelles with inner and outer membranes separated by a space?

A

Mitochondria

83
Q

Cilia are?

A

cylindrical shaped microtubules that that can move and push materials along the surface of cells

84
Q

Flagella are like cilia but…

A

are much longer, and they occur only one per cell

85
Q

Microvilli are

A

Specialized extensions of the plasma membrane that are much shorter than cilia, supported by microfilaments but do not actually move. They increase the surface area of cells

86
Q

Three consecutive nucleotides are called _______.

A

Triplets

87
Q

The molecular definition of a _________ is all the triplets necessary to make a functional RNA or protein.

A

Gene

88
Q

What modifies mRNA before it leaves the nucleus to form functional mRNA that is used to code for a protein?

A

Posttranscriptional processing

89
Q

What code for part of a protein?

A

exons

90
Q

What does not code for a protein?

A

introns

91
Q

Introns removed from the mRNA and the exons are spliced together by by enzymes are called?

A

spliceosomes

92
Q

After the initial part of mRNA is used by the ribosome, another ribosome can attach to the mRNA and begin to make a protein. The resulting structure is called what?

A

polyribosomes

93
Q

What is post translational processing?

A

making changes to proteins after they are produced

94
Q

Manu proteins are longer when are longer when first made then they are in their final, functional state. These are called?

A

Proproteins

95
Q

What are the 4 stages of mitosis?

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

96
Q

What is the division of the cytoplasm of the cell to produce two new cells?

A

cytoplasm

Anatomy & Physiology (16 decks)

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