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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 1-4 Test Review > Flashcards

Chapter 1-4 Test Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is pathalogical anatomy?

A

Study of structure to to disease or disorder

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2
Q

What is histology?

A

Study of tissues

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3
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

body’s ability to maintain a relatively constant physiological state in the face of constant change, both internal and external

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4
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of tissues with a common function

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5
Q

What are the levels of organization in the body?

A

Organelle, chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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6
Q

What are the two systems involved in maintaining homeostasis?

A

Nervous system, Endocrine

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7
Q

Communication->________________–>homeostasis–>good health

A

receptor or control center

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8
Q

What is the correct path of information through a feedback mechanism?

A

Receptor, afferent path, control center, efferent path, effector

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9
Q

What are the two general classes of effectors in the body?

A

muscles or glands

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10
Q

What is CIM-H-CHEM?

A

Communication, Intergration, Movement, Compartmentalization, Energy flow, Mass Balance

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11
Q

What are the systems of the body?

hint-11

A

Cardiovascular, skeletal, endocrine, respiratory, reproductive, nervous, muscular, digestive, urinary, lymphatic, integumentary

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12
Q

All health related sciences are founded in some knowledge of ____________ and _________.

A

Anatomy and physiology

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13
Q

Anatomy is?

A

investigates structure of the body

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14
Q

Physiology is

A

deals with the processes or functions of the body

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15
Q

What are the levels of organization in the human body?

A

chemical, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system

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16
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

body’s ability to maintain a relatively constant physiological balance in the face of constant internal and external change

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17
Q

Maintaining body temperature near an ideal normal value is called a?

A

set point

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18
Q

A negative feedback mechanism is?

A

When the body attempts to negate or reverse the effects of stimulus

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19
Q

Can a positive feedback mechanism ever be beneficial to the human body?

A

yes in rare instances

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20
Q

Atoms, ions and molecules are related to anatomy how?

A

the physiological processes are based, in large part on the structures and chemical interactions of them

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21
Q

__________ are the building blocks of matter.

A

Elements

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22
Q

Atoms cannot

A

be broken down into smaller, simpler substances through ordinary chemical reactions and still show properties of that element

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23
Q

Define atom

A

the smallest particle of that element that can display the characteristics of that element and enter into an ordinary chemical reaction

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24
Q

An entire atom is?

A

electrically neutral

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25
Q

Isotopes of elements are

A

atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but with different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei

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26
Q

The chemical bonding properties of atoms are determined by the number of electrons in its ______________.

A

Valence shell

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27
Q

The maximum number in the valence shell is always

A

8

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28
Q

Which two elements have a maximum of 2 electrons in their valence shells?

A

hydrogen and helium

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29
Q

When bonds form, energy is _________.

A

Stored

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30
Q

When bonds break, energy is __________.

A

released

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31
Q

When molecules of two or more different elements form, they are called

A

molecular compounds

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32
Q

Molecules of elements are when

A

two atoms of the same element form together

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33
Q

What creates ions?

A

when atoms do not share valence electrons but instead give or accept valence electrons

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34
Q

Chemical reactions that build bonds _________ energy.

Chemical reactions that break bonds _________ energy.

A

Store

release

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35
Q

ADP + ____ & ____=ATP

A

Phosporylation and energy

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36
Q

Hydrolosis is how ATP releases

A

P & E

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37
Q

Decomposition reactions are when

A

reactants are broken down into smaller, less complex products

IE. Catabolic and exergonic

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38
Q

Synthesis reactions are when

A

Reactants from larger products

IE. Anabolic and endergonic

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39
Q

Synthesis reactions where water is a product are called

A

dehydration reactions

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40
Q

Why is water so important to life?

A

Due to its polarity and hydrogen bonding capacity it helps stabilize body temp, high boiling point, universal solvent

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41
Q

Hydrophilic substances are _______.

A

polar

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42
Q

hydrophobic substances are _______.

A

Non polar

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43
Q

Why are electrolytes important in the body?

A

They maintain the homeostasis of various organs like heart and skeletal muscle

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44
Q

How are the values of strong and weak acids measured?

A

the H+ in a solution in relation to the OH- is the value that tells us acidity or alkalinity

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45
Q

Many salts undergo complete _____________ in an aqueous solution

A

dissociation

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46
Q

Na+ are essential to what?

A

nerve impulses

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47
Q

Ca+++ are essential to what?

A

muscle contraction

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48
Q

What are isomers?

A

molecules with the same chemical formula but different chemical structure

49
Q

Building blocks of carbohydrates are?

A

Monosaccharides

50
Q

building blocks of lipids are?

A

glycerol and fatty acids

51
Q

building blocks of proteins are

A

amino acids

52
Q

building blocks of nucleic acids are

A

neuclotides

53
Q

What is the smallest part of an element that can enter into a ordinary chemical reaction?

A

atom

54
Q

Molecules with the same chemical formula but different chemical structures are

A

isomers

55
Q

Is the appendix considered to be functionally in the digestive system?

A

no

56
Q

When blood falls lower on the PH scale it is called?

A

acidosis

57
Q

A sequence of related enzyme-regulated chemical reactions is called?

A

metabolic pathway

58
Q

Actin and Myosin do what?

What are they?

A

provide structure and protection

Protiens

59
Q

What are markers?

A

how the body recognizes self vs non self

60
Q

Without the ability to lower the energy of activation, what would happen?

A

chemical reactions would happen to slowly to support life

61
Q

What are the mechanisms most often used by cells to lower the energy of activation?

A

enzymes

62
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

sequence of enzymatically regulated reactions

63
Q

Do enzymes occur as individual reactions?

A

no, not typically

64
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

an ORGANIC molecule that helps bring about a reaction

65
Q

What are cofactors?

A

an INORGANIC molecule that helps bring about a reaction

66
Q

What are the characteristics of passive transport?

A

Always moves down the concentration gradient, no ATP required

remember: not no energy, but just no tap

67
Q

What are the characteristics of active transport?

A

May move up concentration gradient

ATP required

68
Q

A special type of diffusion that applies only to the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane is?

A

osmosis

69
Q

What is movement that occurs when there is a concentration gradient, or in other words movement down the gradient?

A

net diffusion

70
Q

What factors affect the rate of simple diffusion?

A

Distance, Size of diffusing particles, temperature, size of concentration gradient, electrical gradient, pressure gradient

71
Q

osmosis is?

A

the NET movement of water from an area of lower concentration of solutes to an area of higher concentration of solutes

in essense —>from higher water to lower water

72
Q

What kind of solute is said to be osmotically active?

A

a solute that cannot gross the membrane

73
Q

For osmosis to occur, 3 things are required. What are they?

A
  1. membrane must be freely permeable to water
  2. there must be at least one solute that cannot cross the membrane
  3. the membrane must be selectivley permeable
74
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

amount of pressure necessary to prevent the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane into the cell

75
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

the total solute concentration in a solution

76
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of all mediated transport?

A

specificity, competetion and saturation

77
Q

Do exocrine glands have ducts?

A

Yes

78
Q

Do endocrine glands have ducts?

A

no

79
Q

In medocrine secretions, is the secreting cell damaged?

A

no

80
Q

In apocrine secretion, is the secreting cell damaged?

A

no

81
Q

In holocrine secretion is the cell damaged?

A

yes, it causes the cell to lyse

82
Q

What do tight junctions do?

A

keep cells tightly together, stops things from entering

-involved in permeablity

83
Q

What do gap junctions do?

A

Designed to pass things from one cell to another

-cells held together by channel protiens

84
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

Strongest junction, allow cells to bend and twist without separating

85
Q

What are the two characteristics all connective tissues have?

A
  1. Specialized cells
  2. Extracellular matrix
    1. Protien Fibers
    2. ground substance
86
Q

What does the matrix do?

A

determines the tissue’s specialized function

87
Q

Blasts do?

A

make the matrix

88
Q

Cytes do?

A

Maintain the matrix

89
Q

Clasts do?

A

break down the matrix

90
Q

What are the two types of connective tissue proper?

A

Loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue

91
Q

What are the 3 types of loose connective tissue proper?

A

Areolar, Adipose, Reticular

92
Q

What is the symbol for a high energy bond?

A

~

93
Q

What are the two types of dense connective tissue?

A

regular and irregular

94
Q

What are the two types of supporting connective tissue?

A

Cartilage and bone

95
Q

What is fluid connective tissue?

A

Blood

96
Q

What are the specialized cells in connective tissue proper?

hint-7

A

Fibroblast, Fibrocyte, Macrophages, Adipocytes, Mesenchymal cells, melanocytes, mast cells

97
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

‘working’ cells that make the matrix

98
Q

What do fibrocytes do?

A

maintain the tissue

99
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Eat pathogens and damaged cells

100
Q

What do adipocytes do?

A

store triglcerides

101
Q

Mesenchymal cells do?

A

Stem cells which respond to injury or infeection

102
Q

Melanocytes do?

A

synthesize and store brown pigment called melanin

103
Q

Mast cells do?

A

release histamine and heparin to stimulate inflammation

104
Q

Blood consists of 3 formed elements, what are they and what do they do?

A

Red blood cells (erythrocytes) and transport oxygen
White blood cells (leukocytes) are immune cells
Platelets aid in clotting

105
Q

The fluid element in blood is called?

A

Plasma

106
Q

How does plasma change?

A

Based on location

107
Q

When is plasma intersitital fluid?

A

When it is in between cells

108
Q

When is plasma called lymph?

A

When it drains into the lymphatic vessels

109
Q

When is plasma still plasma?

A

When it is in the cardiovascular system

110
Q

Lymphatic vessels are much more permeable than __________ _________, and have less pressure.

A

Blood capillaries

111
Q

Is cartilage inneverated and vascular?

A

no, it is non innervated and avascular

112
Q

Is bone innovated and vascular?

A

Bone is very vascular and innervated

113
Q

Hematopoiesis occurs where

A

red bone marrow

114
Q

What are the two types of neural cells?

A

neurons and neuroglia

115
Q

What are the 3 parts that make up neurons?

A
  1. cell body
  2. dendrites
  3. axon
116
Q

Where are mucous membranes located?

A

in passageways the communicate with the outside enviroment

117
Q

Where are serous membranes located?

A

Lining the walls of ventral body cavity and covering most of the organs in the ventral body cavity

118
Q

Cutaneous membrane is located where?

A

is the skin

119
Q

Synovial membranes are located?

A

In joint cavities

Anatomy & Physiology (16 decks)

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