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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 6 Lecture > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What is yellow marrow mostly composed of?

A

Adipose tissue

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2
Q

What makes up the periosteum?

A

A dense fiberous layer and a inner cellular layer

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3
Q

Endosteum lines what?

A

inner surface of bone

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4
Q

Periosteum lines what?

A

the outside of bone

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5
Q

What are the two types of tissue that make up the fetal skeleton?

A

Fibrous connective tissue membrane

Hyaline cartilage

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6
Q

Memebrane bones means that they were formed by?

A

Fiberous connective tissue

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7
Q

Endochondral bones means that they were formed by?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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8
Q

Majority of bones in the body are ____________ bones.

A

endochondrial bones

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9
Q

What is the process of bone formation?

A

osteogensis

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10
Q

What are the important bones that come from intramembranous ossification?

A

Flat bones of cranium, mandible and clavicle

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11
Q

Which of the following bones come from intramembranous ossification?

A

Flat bones of cranium, mandible and clavicle

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12
Q

Interstitial growth is?

A

growth of long bone in length

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13
Q

Where does interstital growth occur?

A

At the proximal and distal epithasis

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14
Q

Appositional growth is?

A

growth in diameter of long bones

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15
Q

Appositional growth is a relationship between?

A

osteoclasts/osteoblasts

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16
Q

What is the major protein in bone?

A

collegen

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17
Q

What stimulates bone growth?

A

Calcium, Calcitriol, Vitamin C, growth hormone

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18
Q

Osteoblasts are?

A

create bone matrix

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19
Q

Osteoclasts are?

A

Bone destroyers

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20
Q

If ionic levels of blood calcium falls it is called _________,.

A

hypocalcemia

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21
Q

Where is parathyroid hormone or PTH secreted from?

A

the parathyriod

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22
Q

When blood CA++ falls it is called?

A

Hypocalcemia

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23
Q

When blood CA++ rises it is called?

A

hypercalcemia

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24
Q

What hormone is released when someone is hypocalcemic?

A

Parathyroid

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25
Q

What hormone is released when someone is hypercalcemic?

A

calcitonin

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26
Q

Calcitonin works by?

A

inhibiting osteoclast activity, increased calcium excretion

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27
Q

Parathyroid hormones work by?

A

Stimulating osteoclasts, blocks the kidneys from excreating

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28
Q

Calcitonin and Parathyroid are both?

A

Negative feedback receptors

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29
Q

Is bone an organ?

A

Yes!

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30
Q

Osseous tissue is the what level of organization?

A

tissue level of organization

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31
Q

Bones are what level of organization?

A

Organ

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32
Q

The skeletal system is made up of?

A

Bones, Cartilage and Ligaments

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33
Q

When bones are ‘living’ they are more _______?

A

Flexible

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34
Q

Ligaments are made of what tissue?

What do they join?

A

Dense irregular connective

Bone to bone

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35
Q

Which is vascular and innervated?
Which is avascular and noninnervated?

Bones or Cartilage

A

Bones are vascular and innervated

Cartilage is avascular and noninnervated

36
Q

What is the pathway of where cartilage comes from?

A

Mesoderm—>Embryonic mesenchyme tissue—>Chondroblasts—->Chondrocytes

37
Q

When hyaline cartilage is called what when it is joining the 10 superior pairs of ribs to the sternum?

A

costal cartilage

38
Q

When hyaline cartilage is found on the articulating (joining sites of bones) is is called?

A

Articular cartilage

39
Q

What type of cartilage is located in the rings of the trachea?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

40
Q

Which bones are longer than wide with a somewhat cylindrical axis?
Found in arms, legs, feet, hands, fingers, and toes?

A

Long bones

41
Q

Which bones are thin with parallel surfaces, found in the skull, sternum, ribs, and scapula?

A

Flat bones

42
Q

Which bones are small and thick. including ankle and wrist bones?

A

Short bones

43
Q

What bones have complex shapes such as spinal vertabrae and pelvic bones?

A

Irregular bones

44
Q

What are small irregular bones between the flat bones of the skull; typically found in lambdoid structure?

A

Sutural bones

45
Q

What are small, flat bones that develop embedded in tendons near the joints of knees, hands and feet?

A

Sesamoid bones

46
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue surrounding the bone

47
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

Delicate tissue lining the medullary cavity

48
Q

Children’s epiphysis is made from?

A

Hyaline cartilage

49
Q

What is located inside the middle of long bones?

A

Medullary cavity

50
Q

What are the characteristics of bone tissue?

A 
Dense matrix containing calcium salts
The matrix contains bone cells within lacunae 
Canaliculi help nutrients pass through 
Highly vascular and innervated
****
51
Q

The matrix of bone is made of?

A

1) Two thirds of bone matrix is made of calcium phosphate, which reacts with calcium hydroxide to form crystals of hydroxyapatite, which incorporates other calcium salts and ions as it crystallizes
2) About 1/3 of bone is protein fibers (collagen)
3) Bone cells are only about 2% of bone mass

52
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells are?

A

A ‘stem cell’ of bone that produce osteoblasts and are located inside the periosteum
Active in fracture repair
ONLY SOURCE OF NEW OSTEOBLASTS
*****

53
Q

Osteoblasts do?

A

Produce the bone matrix by a process called osteogenesis or ossification.
When the osteoblasts are surrounded by bone, they complete their differentiation and become osteocytes
****

54
Q

Osteocytes do?

A

Maintain bone matrix
Each osteocyte lives inside a lacuna

The main function of osteocytes are:

1) to produce the protein and mineral content of the matrix, thus maintaining bone matrix
2) Help repair damaged bone
* **

55
Q

Osteoclasts do?

A

Giant, multinucleated cells that secrete acids which dissolves the bone matrix and realeases calcium into body fluid (This is called osteolysis or bone resorption)

Osteoclasts are NOT differentiated from osteoprogenitor cells. They differentiate in the red bone marrow in hemapoietic tissue into mature osteoclast cells

56
Q

What is osteogenisis?

A

Making of bone

57
Q

What is wolff’s law?

A

Bone respond to exercise and stress

58
Q

In spongy bone the open network of strut-like structures are called what?

A

trabeculae

59
Q

Yellow marrow is made of mostly what connective tissue and is a good site of what?

A

Adipose tissue, and energy storage

60
Q

What is a membrane that covers the outer surfaces of bones except the parts where they join other bones?

A

Periosteum

61
Q

What is a cellular layer that lines the inner surfaces of bone, such as the medullary cavity and central canals?

A

Endosteum

62
Q

What are the two main forms of ossification?

A

1) Intramembranous ossification

2) Endochondral Ossification

63
Q

What bones are formed due to Intramembranous ossification?

A

Flat bones of cranium and mandible and clavical

64
Q

How does intramembranous ossification occur?

A

1) Mesenchymal cells aggregate and differentiate into osteoblasts, which being ossification. The location where ossification begins is a site in the fiberous tissue called an ossification center.
2) Blood vessels grow into an area to supply the osteoblasts with nutrients, oxygen etc. Bone tissue forms trapping blood vessels inside bone and ossification begins
3) Spongy bone develops first and then compact bone develops as the spongy bone undergoes remodeling

65
Q

The process in which hyaline cartilage becomes ossified is called?

A

Endochondral ossification

66
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

Growth of a long bone in length

67
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

Growth in diameter of long bones, occurs even after long bones are mature

68
Q

What nutritional factors does normal bone growth require?

A

Dietary sources of calcium and phosphate salts, plus small amounts of magnesium, fluoride, iron and manganese.

The hormone calcitrol (which is essential for proper absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the digestive tract) requires vitamin d3

Vitamin C for collagen synthesis
Vitamin A for stimulating osteoblast activity
Vitamins K and B12 for synthesis of bone proteins

Growth hormones

69
Q

How does the process of mineral resorption or osteolysis occur?

A

1) Osteoclasts release H ions into intersitial fluid, which attract chlorine ions ———>HCL ionizes (dissolves) calcium salts (Ground substance of bone tissue)
2) Osteoclasts also secrete enzymes that break down the collagen fibers in the matrix

70
Q

When hypocalcemia occurs, what does the body do to maintain homeostasis?

A

Parathyroid hormone increases calcium levels in the body by stimulating osteoclasts (which release the calcium stored in bone), the increasing intestinal absorption of CA, and then decreasing rate of calcium excretion at the kidneys.

71
Q

Hypocalcemia is when?

A

Blood Ca++ falls

72
Q

When Hypercalcemia occurs what does the body do to maintain homeostasis?

A

It releases Calcitonin, which is secreted by the thyroid, which decreases calcium ion levels in the body by inhibiting osteoclast activity and increasing calcium excretion at the kidneys

73
Q

Hypercalcemia is when?

A

Blood Ca++ Rise

74
Q

What are the 4 things that need calcium in the body?

A

Muscle contraction, Nerve impulses, Bone matrix, Blood Clotting

75
Q

What are the 3 things that need phosphorus in the body?

A

ATP, Phospholipids, bone matrix

76
Q

What are the 4 Steps in repairing fractures?

A

1) bleeding produces a clot called a fracture hematoma which establishes a fiberous network
2) Two type of calluses form at the fracture that stabilize the break. A collar of cartilage and fibers (External Callus) surrounds the break and and internal callus develops in the marrow cavity.
3) Calluses ossify over a period of 4-6 weeks, and the first bone that is formed is spongy bone
4) Osteoblasts and osteocytes continue to remodel the fracture for up to a year, replacing spongy bone with compact bone

77
Q

A Pott’s Fracture is?

A

A broken ankle, caused by a combined abduction external rotation from an eversion force.

78
Q

A comminuted fracture is?

A

is a break or splinter of the bone into more than two fragments. Since considerable force and energy is required to fragment bone, fractures of this degree occur after high-impact trauma such as in vehicular accidents

79
Q

A transverse fracture is?

A
  1. the breaking of a part, especially a bone.
  2. a break in continuity of bone; it may be caused by trauma, twisting due to muscle spasm or indirect loss of leverage, or by disease that results in osteopenia.
80
Q

A spiral fracture is?

A

A spiral fracture (a.k.a. torsion fracture) is a bone fracture occurring when torque (a rotating force) is applied along the axis of a bone. Spiral fractures often occur when the body is in motion while one extremity is planted

81
Q

A linear fracture is?

A

A linear skull fracture is a break in a cranial bone resembling a thin line, without splintering, depression, or distortion of bone

82
Q

A Colles’ Fracture is?

A

a fracture of the lower end of the radius in the wrist with a characteristic backward displacement of the hand.

83
Q

A Greenstick fracture is?

A

a fracture of the bone, occurring typically in children, in which one side of the bone is broken and the other only bent.

84
Q

A Epiphyseal fracture is?

A

A break along the epiphyseal plate in children, also called a salter-harris fracture

85
Q

What is an impacted fracture?

A

A comminuted fracture is when the bone breaks into several pieces. A buckled fracture, also known as an impacted fracture, is one whose ends are driven into each other.

86
Q

What is a complete fracture?

A

Bone is broken in at least two fragments

87
Q

What is an incomplete fracture?

A

Fracture doesn’t extend all the way across the bone

Anatomy & Physiology (16 decks)

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