Chapter 8: Development Across the Lifespan Flashcards
What is human development?
Changes that occur in people from conception until death
What is a longitudinal design?
Assess the same group across time
What is a cross-sectional design?
Assess groups of differing ages at the same time
What is nature?
Biological, specifically genetic, influences on development
What is nuture?
Environmental and experimental influences on development
What is genetics?
The science of heredity
What is DNA?
Molecule that contains genetic material, double helix
What are genes?
Sections of DNA
What are chromosomes?
Strand of genes
How many pairs of chromosomes do we have?
23 pairs, 46 total
How many pairs of autosome chromosomes do we have?
22 pairs
How many pairs of sex chromosomes do we have?
1 pair
What are the female chromosomes?
XX
What are the male chromosomes?
XY
What are genetic traits?
Characteristics determined by genes (ex: eye color)
What is a genotype?
Genetic endowment (Aa)
When is a phenotype?
How those genes are expressed (brown eyes)
What is a dominant trait?
Genes that are always expressed (A)
What is a recessive trait?
Genes that will only be expressed when both genes in the pair are the same (aa)
What is a zygote?
Fertilized egg
What is the germinal period?
0-2 weeks, zygote implants itself into the wall of the uterus, placenta and umbilical cord developed
What is the embryo period?
2-8 weeks, major organs and structures develop, vulnerable to teratogens (alcohol, caffeine, marijuana)
What is the fetal period?
9 weeks to birth, growth of baby
What are reflexes?
Innate, involuntary behavior patterns
What is the most fully developed sense of a baby?
Touch
____ voices are preferred over other sounds
Human
What smells do babies prefer?
Their own mother
What is the least developed sense of a baby?
Vision
Babies prefer ____ patterns like faces
Complex
When do babies lift their heads up?
At 2 months
When do babies roll over?
At 2.5 months
When do babies sit propped up?
At 3 months
When do babies sit without support?
At 6 months
When do babies stand holding on?
At 6.5 months
When do babies walk holding on?
At 9 months
What is Piaget’s theory of a schema?
Mental framework (apple is red and round)
What is Piaget’s theory of assimilation?
Fitting new objects, events, etc. in existing schema