Chapter 6: Memory Flashcards
What is memory?
Active system that receives info from senses, organizes and alters it, stores it, and retrieves it
What is flashbulb memory?
Recollections of specific context in which you learned about important news
Give an example of a flashbulb memory
9/11, when the world shut down due to covid
What is the emotional-integrative model?
Prior knowledge, personal importance, and affective reaction interact to trigger automatic encoding (adrenaline release)
What are amnesiacs?
People with loss of partial memory function due to injury illness
What is anterograde?
Inability to form new memories after event, think after and anterograde
What is retrograde?
Inability to recall memories formed prior to the event
What are mnemonists?
People with exceptional memories, can be possible for gifted and normal people
What are mnemonic devices?
Strategies that improve recall of info
What is categorical clustering?
Trying to remember items in meaningful categories
What are acronyms?
Use the first letter of each word of a concept to form a memorable word or phrase
Give an example of an acronym
ROY G BIV
What are acrostics?
Creating sentence/phrase where first letter of each word corresponds
Give an example of an acrostic
King Henry Died by Drinking Chocolate Milk
What is interactive imagery?
Creating a vivid mental image of each item and imagine each item interacting with the next
What is peg-word method?
Interactive image with each item in a list
Give an example of the peg-word method
One is gun, two is shoe, three is tree
What is the method of loci?
Pairing each thing to be remembered with one of an organized set of familiar locations, think LOCations and loci
What are keywords?
Memorize meaning of unfamiliar word/phrase that sounds like it/imagine keyword with image of meaning of word
Example of keyword
Canby
What is encoding?
Putting info into memory
What is storage?
Holding info in memory
What is retrieval?
Recovering info from memory
What is the process of memory?
- Encoding
- Storage
- Retrieval
What are the levels of processing model?
Shallow: Physical properties
Intermediate: Acoustics
Deep: Meaning (results in longer retention)
What is the parallel distributed processing (PDP) model?
Memory is a single entity in which info is processed in multiple ways simultaneously via network of neural connections
What is sensory memory?
First stage, info enters system via senses
What is icon?
Visual sensory, what can be seen at once, duration is 500 ms
What is echo?
Auditory sensory, what can be heard at once, duration is 2-4 seconds
What is short term memory (STM)?
Conscious, active memory in which info is held for brief periods of time
What is Baddeley’s working memory model?
7 + or - 2
What is chunking?
A meaningful unit
What is long term memory (LTM)?
Unlimited capacity, long duration (decades), and organized
What is elaborative rehearsal?
Meaningful associations between new and previous knowledge
What is the total time hypothesis?
Single study session (learning depends on total time spent)
What is the spacing effect?
Distributed learning is better than massed learning
Give an example of chunking
F, FBI, Federal Bureau of Investigation
What is procedural knowledge?
Memories for skills
What is implicit knowledge?
Not easily brought into conscious awareness, still influential
What is declarative knowledge?
Memories for facts
What is explicit knowledge?
Conscious recollection
What is semantic knowledge?
General knowledge
What is episodic knowledge?
Personal information
What is a schema?
A mental framework for concepts or events
Give an example of a schema
A dog barks, wags tails, and is loyal
What is encoding specificity?
Info is best retrieved in the same way it is learned
What is recall?
Retrieving information without the aid of cues
Give an example of recall
An essay
What is the tip of the tongue phenomenon?
Retrieval failure caused by inhibition, overcome with time and retrieval cues
What is the primacy effect?
Enhanced memory for first info presented (think primary)
What is the recency effect?
Enhanced memory for last info presented (think recent)
What is recognition?
Matching provided material to what is already in memory
Give an example of recognition
Multiple choice, recognizing faces
What are false positives regarding recognition?
When you falsely recognize a fact/person
Who was Lenell Geter?
Man who was put in prison for a crime he didn’t commit because they incorrectly recognized him
What is constructive memory?
Incoming info is interpreted, elaborated upon, and integrated
What is reconstructive memory?
Retrieved info is completed on the basis of schema which leads to distortion/inaccuracy
What did Bartlett do regarding reconstructive memory?
He did an experiment where individuals read “War of the Ghosts” and came back a month later to try and retrieve what happened in the story.
What did Elizabeth Loftus do?
Put pictures of slides up of an auto accident with a yield/stop sign and asked them if they saw a yield or stop sign after 20 minutes of completing an unrelated task.
What does brain fingerprinting do?
It detects occurrence of specific, measurable brain response
What is the curve of forgetting via Hermann Ebbinghaus?
After elapsed time, retention decreases (forgetting info)
What is decay?
Memories grow weaker with time if not rehearsed
What is interference?
Memories compete and one memory can block the recall of another
What is proactive interference?
Old info interferes with ability to recall new info
Give an example of proactive interference
Trying to find your car
What is retroactive interference?
New info interferes with ability to recall old info, think retro and old
What is an engram?
Physical change that takes place in the brain as memory is formed
What is the hippocampus responsible for?
Consolidation
What is consolidation?
Lengthy process of changes that take place in neurons when an engram is formed
