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Psychology > Chapter 6: Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is memory?

A

Active system that receives info from senses, organizes and alters it, stores it, and retrieves it

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2
Q

What is flashbulb memory?

A

Recollections of specific context in which you learned about important news

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3
Q

Give an example of a flashbulb memory

A

9/11, when the world shut down due to covid

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4
Q

What is the emotional-integrative model?

A

Prior knowledge, personal importance, and affective reaction interact to trigger automatic encoding (adrenaline release)

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5
Q

What are amnesiacs?

A

People with loss of partial memory function due to injury illness

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6
Q

What is anterograde?

A

Inability to form new memories after event, think after and anterograde

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7
Q

What is retrograde?

A

Inability to recall memories formed prior to the event

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8
Q

What are mnemonists?

A

People with exceptional memories, can be possible for gifted and normal people

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9
Q

What are mnemonic devices?

A

Strategies that improve recall of info

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10
Q

What is categorical clustering?

A

Trying to remember items in meaningful categories

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11
Q

What are acronyms?

A

Use the first letter of each word of a concept to form a memorable word or phrase

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12
Q

Give an example of an acronym

A

ROY G BIV

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13
Q

What are acrostics?

A

Creating sentence/phrase where first letter of each word corresponds

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14
Q

Give an example of an acrostic

A

King Henry Died by Drinking Chocolate Milk

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15
Q

What is interactive imagery?

A

Creating a vivid mental image of each item and imagine each item interacting with the next

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16
Q

What is peg-word method?

A

Interactive image with each item in a list

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17
Q

Give an example of the peg-word method

A

One is gun, two is shoe, three is tree

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18
Q

What is the method of loci?

A

Pairing each thing to be remembered with one of an organized set of familiar locations, think LOCations and loci

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19
Q

What are keywords?

A

Memorize meaning of unfamiliar word/phrase that sounds like it/imagine keyword with image of meaning of word

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20
Q

Example of keyword

A

Canby

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21
Q

What is encoding?

A

Putting info into memory

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22
Q

What is storage?

A

Holding info in memory

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23
Q

What is retrieval?

A

Recovering info from memory

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24
Q

What is the process of memory?

A
  1. Encoding
  2. Storage
  3. Retrieval
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25
Q

What are the levels of processing model?

A

Shallow: Physical properties
Intermediate: Acoustics
Deep: Meaning (results in longer retention)

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26
Q

What is the parallel distributed processing (PDP) model?

A

Memory is a single entity in which info is processed in multiple ways simultaneously via network of neural connections

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27
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

First stage, info enters system via senses

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28
Q

What is icon?

A

Visual sensory, what can be seen at once, duration is 500 ms

29
Q

What is echo?

A

Auditory sensory, what can be heard at once, duration is 2-4 seconds

30
Q

What is short term memory (STM)?

A

Conscious, active memory in which info is held for brief periods of time

31
Q

What is Baddeley’s working memory model?

A

7 + or - 2

32
Q

What is chunking?

A

A meaningful unit

33
Q

What is long term memory (LTM)?

A

Unlimited capacity, long duration (decades), and organized

34
Q

What is elaborative rehearsal?

A

Meaningful associations between new and previous knowledge

35
Q

What is the total time hypothesis?

A

Single study session (learning depends on total time spent)

36
Q

What is the spacing effect?

A

Distributed learning is better than massed learning

37
Q

Give an example of chunking

A

F, FBI, Federal Bureau of Investigation

38
Q

What is procedural knowledge?

A

Memories for skills

39
Q

What is implicit knowledge?

A

Not easily brought into conscious awareness, still influential

40
Q

What is declarative knowledge?

A

Memories for facts

41
Q

What is explicit knowledge?

A

Conscious recollection

42
Q

What is semantic knowledge?

A

General knowledge

43
Q

What is episodic knowledge?

A

Personal information

44
Q

What is a schema?

A

A mental framework for concepts or events

45
Q

Give an example of a schema

A

A dog barks, wags tails, and is loyal

46
Q

What is encoding specificity?

A

Info is best retrieved in the same way it is learned

47
Q

What is recall?

A

Retrieving information without the aid of cues

48
Q

Give an example of recall

A

An essay

49
Q

What is the tip of the tongue phenomenon?

A

Retrieval failure caused by inhibition, overcome with time and retrieval cues

50
Q

What is the primacy effect?

A

Enhanced memory for first info presented (think primary)

51
Q

What is the recency effect?

A

Enhanced memory for last info presented (think recent)

52
Q

What is recognition?

A

Matching provided material to what is already in memory

53
Q

Give an example of recognition

A

Multiple choice, recognizing faces

54
Q

What are false positives regarding recognition?

A

When you falsely recognize a fact/person

55
Q

Who was Lenell Geter?

A

Man who was put in prison for a crime he didn’t commit because they incorrectly recognized him

56
Q

What is constructive memory?

A

Incoming info is interpreted, elaborated upon, and integrated

57
Q

What is reconstructive memory?

A

Retrieved info is completed on the basis of schema which leads to distortion/inaccuracy

58
Q

What did Bartlett do regarding reconstructive memory?

A

He did an experiment where individuals read “War of the Ghosts” and came back a month later to try and retrieve what happened in the story.

59
Q

What did Elizabeth Loftus do?

A

Put pictures of slides up of an auto accident with a yield/stop sign and asked them if they saw a yield or stop sign after 20 minutes of completing an unrelated task.

60
Q

What does brain fingerprinting do?

A

It detects occurrence of specific, measurable brain response

61
Q

What is the curve of forgetting via Hermann Ebbinghaus?

A

After elapsed time, retention decreases (forgetting info)

62
Q

What is decay?

A

Memories grow weaker with time if not rehearsed

63
Q

What is interference?

A

Memories compete and one memory can block the recall of another

64
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

Old info interferes with ability to recall new info

65
Q

Give an example of proactive interference

A

Trying to find your car

66
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

New info interferes with ability to recall old info, think retro and old

67
Q

What is an engram?

A

Physical change that takes place in the brain as memory is formed

68
Q

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

A

Consolidation

69
Q

What is consolidation?

A

Lengthy process of changes that take place in neurons when an engram is formed

Psychology (12 decks)

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