Chapter 4: Consciousness Flashcards
What is consciousness?
Awareness of everything around you and inside your mind
What is a waking state?
Alert state, thoughts are organized
What is an altered state?
A shift in quality/pattern of mental activity
Give an example of an altered state
Day dreaming or sleep
What is selective attention?
It allows us to focus on one stimulus and block out others
Give an example of selective attention
Focused on taking notes, not focused on our clothes on our skin
What is the cocktail party phenomenon?
Conversations are going on around you, you only pay attention to one
Give an example of the cocktail party phenomenon
You are talking in the lunch room with friends and then you hear your name in another conversation so you focus on that conversation
What is divided attention?
Multiple tasks can be performed at once
Give an example of divided attention
When you first drive, you are very attentive, when you have driven for awhile, you know where you are going and paying less attention
What are circadian rhythms?
The cycle of bodily activity that occurs over 24 hours
What are circadian rhythms controlled by?
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus
What happens to the sleep-wake cycle when the SCN is deprived?
It lengthens to 25 hours
What happens when sleep deprivation occurs for one night?
Concentration and simple tasks are difficult, focusing becomes hard
What happens when sleep deprivation occurs for three nights?
Micro-sleeping occurs (zoning out into sleep period)
What happens when sleep deprivation occurs for four nights?
Paranoia and hallucinations
What is the adaptive theory?
Sleep has survival value because you store energy during sleep
What is the restorative theory?
Sleep allows us to repair
What form of technology identifies REM and nREM sleep?
EEG
What happens in stage 1 of sleep?
Very light sleep, hypnic jerks
What waves occur in stage 1 sleep?
Beta, alpha, theta.
What happens in stage 2 sleep?
Sleep is deeper, spindles appear
What happens in stage 3 sleep?
Deep sleep, spindles disappear, delta waves appear
What happens in stage 4 sleep?
Continuous delta waves, growth hormone is produced
What is somnambulism?
Sleepwalking
What is somniloquy?
Sleep talking
What are night terrors?
Panic and sudden activity
What is REM sleep and what occurs during it?
Rapid Eye Movement, most dreaming occurs, paralyzed to bed due to signals from motor cortex being blocked
What is REM rebound?
When you are deprived of REM, you spend extra time in REM the next night
What stage of sleep occurs before REM sleep?
Stage 2
What did Freud believe about dreams?
He thought dreams were symbolic of unconscious desires
What is manifest content?
Actual events that occur in dreams
What is latent content?
Unconscious thoughts that create dreams
What is activation synthesis?
Brain making sense out of randomness
What is the cognitive theory?
Involuntary problem solving and role in learning
What is activation information mode(AIM)?
Recent learning experiences influence interpretation of randomness
What are nightmares?
Bad dreams
What is REM behavior disorder?
Rare disorder in which motor cortex messages are not blocked out, nightmares are acted out
What is insomnia?
The inability to get sleep, stay asleep, get good quality of sleep
What is sleep apnea?
Breathing stops while asleep, snoring is indicator
What is a common treatment for sleep apnea?
CPAP machine because it keeps the airway open
What is narcolepsy?
Sudden, uncontrollable REM sleep during the day
What is hypnosis?
State of relaxation and openness to suggestion
What is coercion?
Subjects in hypnosis are in control and won’t commit acts against will
What is the neodissociative theory?
One part of consciousness separates from another
What is the hypnotist responder?
They accept suggestions
What is the hidden observer?
They monitor, but don’t interfere
What is the social cognitive theory?
People play a role without altering their state of consciousness
What are psychoactive drugs?
Drugs that alter thinking, perception, or memory
What is physical dependence on drug?
Body craves the drug
What is drug tolerance?
After repeated use, increased dosage is needed
What is drug withdrawal?
Body’s reaction to absence of drug
What is psychological dependence?
Mind depends on drug for well-being
What are stimulants?
Drug increases activity of nervous system
Give examples of stimulants
Amphetamines, caffeine, nicotine, cocaine
What are depressants?
Drug decreases activity of nervous system
Give examples of depressants
Barbiturates, alcohol, benzodiazepines (xanax, valium)
What are narcotics?
Suppress pain by binding to receptor sites for endorphins
Give examples of narcotics
Opium, morphine, heroin
What are hallucinogens?
Drug that induces distorted perception and hacllucinations
Give examples of hallucinogens
Manufactured highs (LSD, PCP, ecstasy), non manufactured (mescaline, psilocynin), marijuana
What does treatment look like for psychoactive drugs?
Support from family, steady employment, and length of treatment
Why does treatment fail for psychoactive drugs?
8/10 addicts relapse after rehab
