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Psychology > Chapter 13 & 15: Personality > Flashcards

Chapter 13 & 15: Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

What is personality?

A

All those relatively permanent traits, dispositions, or characteristics within the individual that give some measure of consistency to that person’s behavior

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2
Q

What is the psychodynamic perspective (Freud)?

A

Personality is determined by conflicting, unconscious inner forces within the person

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3
Q

What are the 3 levels of Freudian levels of thought?

A

The conscious, preconscious, and unconscious

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4
Q

What is the conscious level?

A

Consists of things you are current aware of, constantly changing

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5
Q

What is the preconscious level?

A

Consists of things you are not currently aware of, but could retrieve if desired

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6
Q

What is the unconscious level?

A

Consists of things you’re unaware of and would be difficult to bring into awareness, primary personality component

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7
Q

What are Freudian personality components?

A

The id, the ego, and the superego

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8
Q

What is the id?

A

Functions according to primary-process thought which is irrational, instinct-driven, and out of touch (pleasure)

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9
Q

What is the ego?

A

Secondary-process thought, rational, controls and channels id (reality)

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10
Q

What is the superego?

A

Idealistic principle, strives for moral perfection, contains sense of right and wrong

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11
Q

What is the oral stage?

A

0-1, trust, pleasure comes from oral exploration of the world

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12
Q

What is the anal stage?

A

1-3, control, pleasure comes from urination and defecation

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13
Q

What is the phallic stage?

A

3-6, sex-role identification, pleasure comes from genital stimulation, oedipus conflict and Electra complex

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14
Q

What is the latency stage?

A

6-puberty, learning, sexual impulses are repressed and energy is focused on achievement and mastery of skills

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15
Q

What is the genital stage?

A

Puberty-adulthood, intimacy, sexuality resurfaces and pleasure comes from adult-type sexual activity, maturity occurs

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16
Q

What is fixation?

A

Becoming “stuck” in one stage of psychosexual development and not being able to progress any further

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17
Q

What is regression?

A

Moving back to an earlier stage of development acting childlike and dependent

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18
Q

What are defense mechanisms?

A

Employed by the ego to rid itself of the anxiety that comes from constantly trying to satisfy both id and superego

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19
Q

What is the denial defense mechanism?

A

Refusing to accept that the feeling is present or that the event occurred

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20
Q

What is the repression defense mechanism?

A

Relegating anxiety, causing thoughts to the unconscious, refusing to think about them

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21
Q

What is the projection defense mechanism?

A

Attributing one’s undesirable traits or actions to others, so they become the problem instead of you

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22
Q

What is the displacement defense mechanism?

A

Substituting a less-threatening object for the subject of the hostile or sexual impulse

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23
Q

What is the sublimation defense mechanism?

A

Redirecting anxiety, causing impulses into socially acceptable actions

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24
Q

What is the reaction formation defense mechanism?

A

Taking actions opposite to one’s feelings in order to deny the reality of the feelings

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25
Q

What is the rationalization defense mechanism?

A

Creating intellectually acceptable arguments for thoughts or behavior to hide the actual anxiety-causing impulses

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26
Q

What is a personality assessment?

A

Psychodynamic theorists use projective tests in which an individual must interpret ambiguous stimuli, reflecting unconscious processes

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27
Q

What is the Rorschach test?

A

Subject tells what each blot looks like and what aspect of the blot triggered that response

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28
Q

What is the Rorschach test criticized for?

A

Lack of reliability and low validity

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29
Q

What is the TAT test?

A

19 vague/ambiguous drawings, person describes what is happening in each

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30
Q

What is free association in psychodynamic therapy?

A

Patients report what comes to mind

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31
Q

What is resistance in psychodynamic therapy?

A

Unwillingness to discuss topics related to unconscious conflicts

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32
Q

What is transference in psychodynamic therapy?

A

Shifting thoughts/feelings about one important person from the past onto the therapist

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33
Q

What are limitations to psychodynamic therapy?

A

Minimizes patient responsibility, neglects conscious motives and the present, and fairly costly

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34
Q

What are Neo-Freudians?

A

Former students of Freud who broke away from him to create own theories

35
Q

What was Alfred Adler’s theory?

A

Humans are motivated by the need to overcome inferiority and strive for significance, compensation, inferiority complex

36
Q

What was Carl Jung’s theory?

A

Personal unconscious, collective unconscious (inherited tendencies to respond in a particular way shared by all humans)

37
Q

What was Erik Erikson’s theory?

A

Emphasized social influences, development continues throughout life

38
Q

What was Karen Horney’s theory?

A

Emphasized anxiety, felt that Freud’s theory was particularly inadequate for women, role of cultural variables

39
Q

What is humanistic psychology?

A

People consciously and purposefully make unique choices that lead to their own personal growth

40
Q

What are the components of Carl Rogers’ Self Theory?

A

Real self, ideal self, and fully-functioning person

41
Q

What is the real self?

A

People’s actual perception of themselves and their abilities

42
Q

What is the ideal self?

A

Contains the attributes the person would like to have

43
Q

What is the fully-functioning person?

A

Match between the two: real and ideal self

44
Q

What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A

Based on humanistic principles and achievement of self-actualization

45
Q

What is the Human Potential Movement?

A

Still evident in counseling and self-help materials

46
Q

What is humanistic therapy?

A

Client-centered therapy developed by Carl Rogers

47
Q

What are characteristics of humanistic therapy?

A

Uses mirroring, it is subjective (only client can determine improvement), and only appropriate for mild adjustment problems

48
Q

What are problems with behavioral theories?

A

They arise from failure to learn adaptive behavior or learning or maladaptive behavior

49
Q

What is counterconditioning?

A

Undesirable response replaced by preferable one

50
Q

What is systematic desensitization?

A

Clients gradually learn to replace an anxiety response with relaxation

51
Q

What are extinction procedures?

A

Likelihood of maladaptive response is reduced

52
Q

What is flooding?

A

Person is over-exposed to anxiety-provoking stimulus until it no longer provokes anxiety

53
Q

Give an example of an operant conditioning technique.

A

Token economies: using tokens that can be exchanged for other items/privileges as a reinforcer

54
Q

Give an example of an observational learning technique.

A

Modeling: learning appropriate or desirable behavior by observing the actions of others

55
Q

What are limitations to behavioral therapy?

A

Addresses only behavioral symptoms meaning underlying symptoms are not treated, new behavioral symptoms may emerge in place of the old ones

56
Q

What are cognitive theories?

A

Focuses on role that thought processes play in creating disordered behavior

57
Q

What is rational emotive therapy?

A

Believing in irrational beliefs: I must be perfect, everyone must love me, the past determines the future, it is catastrophic when things do not go as planned

58
Q

What is Beck’s cognitive theory?

A

Teaching patient’s to replace the thoughts with realistic, healthy ones due to depression

59
Q

What are limitations to Beck’s theory?

A

Fails to focus on emotions which are an important component of many disorders

60
Q

What are trait theories?

A

They describe the structure of personality rather than explain it through processes

61
Q

What are universal theories?

A

Examine how individuals differ on traits that all people possess

62
Q

Give an example of the universal theory.

A

Being an introvert versus being an extrovert

63
Q

What are distinctive theories?

A

Examine individuals’ unique sets of personality traits

64
Q

What is the Big Five (OCEAN)?

A

Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, & neuroticism

65
Q

What is openness to experience?

A

Closed to experience or open to it

66
Q

What is conscientiousness?

A

If you are dependable or undependable as a person

67
Q

What is extraversion?

A

If you are withdrawn or outgoing

68
Q

What is agreeableness?

A

If you are low in agreeing or high in it

69
Q

What Is neuroticism?

A

If you are stable or unstable

70
Q

What are pros and cons to the Big Five?

A

Pros: helpful in predicting general trends in behavior
Cons: too general to predict behavior in specific situations

71
Q

What are Alport’s personal dispositions?

A

Traits that are unique to each individual

72
Q

What are cardinal traits?

A

Single dominant traits that influence all activities

73
Q

Give an example of a cardinal trait

A

Mother Teresa being compassionate

74
Q

What are central traits?

A

Influences behavior in most situations

75
Q

What are secondary traits?

A

Influences behavior in particular situations

76
Q

What is the MMPI-2?

A

Most widely used inventory that consists of 567 true-false that measures 10 clinical scales of personality

77
Q

What are strengthens and weaknesses of the MMPI-2?

A

Strengthens: objective, reliable, valid, safeguards against faking
Weaknesses: Not culturally sensitive, classifies too many as emotionally disturbed

78
Q

What is Bandura’s theory?

A

Self-efficiency: belief that we are competent and effective in dealing with the environment
Reciprocal determinism: personal variable influence environment and environment influences behavior

79
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of group therapy?

A

Advantages: empathy and support, social pressure, dynamic of group
Disadvantages: Less time and attention from therapist, some issues are not addressed

80
Q

What is family therapy?

A

Assumption that many individual problems stem from family dynamics

81
Q

What does couples therapy help with?

A

Sharing and adjusting expectations from significant others

82
Q

True or false: research does not provide convincing evidence that therapy is effective

A

False, is it effective

83
Q

Effectiveness of therapy depends on:

A

Fit among the therapy, nature of the problem, characteristics of therapist, and characteristics of client

Psychology (12 decks)

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