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Psychology > Chapter 5: Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

What is learning?

A

Permanent change in behavior, thoughts, or feelings that result from experience

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2
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

One stimulus comes to signal the occurrence of the other

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3
Q

Give an example of classical conditioning

A

Shaking canister of dog food, dog runs to bowl, sound mean they will get fed

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4
Q

What is Pavlov’s classical conditioning?

A

The sound of a bell makes dogs salivate

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5
Q

What is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

A

Stimulus that reliably elicits a response

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6
Q

What is the unconditioned response (UCR)?

A

Response naturally elicited by UCS

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7
Q

What is the conditioned stimulus (CS)?

A

Neutral stimulus comes to elicit a new response

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8
Q

What is the conditioned response (CR)?

A

Response that CS elicits after conditioning

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9
Q

What is the UCS in Pavlov’s experiment?

A

Dog food

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10
Q

What is the UCR in Pavlov’s experiment?

A

Salivation as result of dog food

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11
Q

What is the CS in Pavlov’s experiment?

A

The bell

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12
Q

What is the CR in Pavlov’s experiment?

A

Salivation as result of bell

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13
Q

What terms have to happen in order for classical conditioning to occur?

A

Timing and consistency

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14
Q

What is acquisition?

A

The learning phase

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15
Q

What is extinction?

A

The “unlearning phase”, the CR is weakened or extinguished

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16
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

The CR will reappear after rest period

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17
Q

Give an example of spontaneous recovery

A

Breakup with a boy and hear “your song”

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18
Q

What is generalization?

A

Stimuli similar to the CS elicits the CR

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19
Q

Give an example of generalization

A

You love your moms lasagna, so you order it at a restaurant assuming it will be good

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20
Q

What is discrimination?

A

The organically CS elicits CR, but similar stimuli do not

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21
Q

Give an example of discrimination

A

The lasagna you order at the restaurant it not good, so you do not order it again

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22
Q

What is biological predisposition?

A

We are programmed as humans to associate CS and UCS

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23
Q

Give an example of biological predisposition

A

When our stomach hurts, we assume its the food we ate

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24
Q

What is biological emotional response?

A

CS are effective for eliciting emotions like fear

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25
Q

Give an example of biological emotional response

A

Children are scared of doctors office because they assume they are getting a shot every time they go

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26
Q

What did Thorndike study?

A

Studied relationship between behavior and consequences with cats in a puzzle box

27
Q

What is the law of effect?

A

Repeat behaviors that lead to satisfying outcomes and do not repeat behaviors that lead to unsatisfying outcomes

28
Q

Give an example of the law of effect

A

You receive a bad grade on a test so you study differently for the next test

29
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Adding/bringing good things to an organism

30
Q

Give an example of positive reinforcement

A

Money, praise

31
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Taking away bad things from an organism

32
Q

Give an example of negative reinforcement

A

Removing pain by taking Tylenol

33
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

Adding/bringing bad things to an organism

34
Q

Give an example of positive punishment

A

Poor grades, spanking, criticism

35
Q

What is negative punishment

A

Taking away good things from an organism

36
Q

Give an examples of negative punishment

A

Loss of TV privileges, grounding

37
Q

What are common issues with punishment?

A

Learned helpfulness, has to be specific and immediate to work, effective for teaching people not effective for teaching people to perform certain behavior

38
Q

What is learned helpfulness?

A

Organism learns that their actions have no effect on the environment so they continue to do that certain behavior

39
Q

What is gradient in operant conditioning?

A

Longer delay between behavior and consequence, the weaker the operant conditioning is

40
Q

What are primary reinforcers?

A

Biologically necessary (food and water)

41
Q

What are secondary reinforcers?

A

Stimuli require reinforcing properties through learning (money, praise)

42
Q

What is token economy?

A

Reward system, stars are given when chores are done

43
Q

What is shaping?

A

Rewarding successively closer approximations of desired behavior

44
Q

Give example of shaping

A

Learning to play basketball: you learn to pick up the ball, dribble, and shoot separately

45
Q

What is a reinforcement schedule?

A

It states what organism must do to be reinforced

46
Q

What is a continuous reinforcement schedule?

A

Organism is reinforced every time the desired behavior is performed

47
Q

What is a partial reinforcement schedule?

A

Desired behavior is only reinforced sometimes

48
Q

Which schedule is better for humans?

A

Partial because there is a higher rate of responding and it is resistant to extinction

49
Q

What is a fixed ratio schedule?

A

Reward after set number of responses, leads to a steady response rate

50
Q

What is a variable ratio schedule?

A

Reward after varying number of responses, rapid response rate

51
Q

What is a fixed timing schedule?

A

Reward after specific time interval

52
Q

Give an example of a fixed ratio schedule

A

Reward after packing 20 pairs of socks

53
Q

Give an example of a fixed timing schedule

A

Paycheck: getting paid biweekly

54
Q

What is a variable timing schedule?

A

Reward at varying intervals, stable response rate

55
Q

What did B.F. Skinner believe?

A

All learning is rooted in operant conditioning

56
Q

What do new psychologists believe?

A

Learning stems from operant conditioning and mental processes

57
Q

What is latent learning?

A

Organisms learning with no reinforcement

58
Q

What did EC Tolman do with rats?

A

He placed rats in a maze without rewarding them, they eventually learned the path and exited

59
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Learning by observing actions of others

60
Q

What did Albert Bandura do?

A

Filmed children playing with bobo dolls to observe their aggression towards the dolls

61
Q

List 4 conditions of observational studies/ learning

A
  1. Pay attention to the model
  2. Retain in memory what you saw
  3. Have motivation to imitate observed model
  4. Potential reproduction: reproducing the behavior
62
Q

What is reciprocal determinism?

A

All human functioning is an interaction among a person’s values, environmental factors, and behavior

63
Q

Give an example of reciprocal determinism

A

Child acting out in school

Psychology (12 decks)

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