Chapter 8: Alliances and Shifts Flashcards
International alliances, New Look policy, Indochina
1
Q
When did Germany join the council of Europe and what did this mean?
A
- Nov 1949
- Got direct representation on the OEEC that coordinated Marshall aid
2
Q
When was a treaty signed in Bonn and what did it mean?
A
- May 1952
- Bonn = capital of west Germany
- Gave West Germany full control of its affairs independently of the US, GB and France
3
Q
What agreement occurred between the USSR and China and when?
A
- May 1953
- USSR agree to provide defence based technology to China
4
Q
When did Krushchev visit China and why?
A
- Sep - Oct 1953
- To strengthen economic ties and aid Chinese national security
5
Q
When was SEATO made and what was it?
A
- Sep 1954
- Response to close Sino-Soviet relations
- Set up by Dulles
- Members = GB, France, US, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Thailand –> unlike NATO many members were not South-East Asian and many were ignored (Burma, Laos etc)
6
Q
When did FRG join NATO and what did this cause?
A
- 9th May 1955
-FRG were open for rearmament –> renounced nuclear weapons and promised a limited military in order to join - Caused Warsaw pact
7
Q
When was the Warsaw pact made and why?
A
- 14th May 1955
- Prompted by FRG’s inclusion in NATO
- Was a collective security strategy and so was billed as non threatening
- Actually gave military reinforcement to USSR and consolidated political and economic relations
8
Q
What was the new look policy and what did it recognise?
A
- New foreign policy of Eisenhower
- Recognised limitations of containment and that they had misinterpreted the soviet threat
9
Q
What was massive retaliation?
A
- Being ready to attack by conventional forces with nuclear weapons
- Would reduce huge cost of using conventional forces
- Was dangerous as they no longer had the nuclear monopoly
10
Q
What was brinkmanship?
A
- Form of nuclear diplomacy favoured by Dulles
- Being ready to go to the brink of war in order to confront the soviet threat
11
Q
What was the increased reliance on covert operations?
A
- Used CIA to encourage opposition in satellite states
- Was used as an instrument of foreign policy as there was no need to go through congress
12
Q
How was Eisenhower more peaceful?
A
- Believed in personal and summit diplomacy
- Wanted to improve pro-US allies in Western Europe to hold back USSR and in Asia to contain China
- Geneva Summit (1955)
- Camp David talks (1960)
- Paris Summit (1960)
- Dulles met Chinese minister about Vietnam (1954)
13
Q
What is Indochina?
A
- Cambodia, Laos, North and South Vietnam
14
Q
What was the domino theory?
A
- First set out in 1954 by Eisenhower in a speech about Indochina
- Believed that the fall of one state to communism (esp in Asia) would lead others to turn too
- Made them very concerned about actions in Indochina
15
Q
What happened in Indochina?
A
- Had been a French colony - US supported Indochinese independence at fist
- Communist leader Ho Chi Minh declared the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) and fought well against France winning back most of North Indochina with Chinese and Soviet support
- Led to US concern over Indochinese communism
- US contributed more of the cost of the war than France but didn’t want to send troops - wanted a diplomatic solution (1954 - US paying 75% war costs)
- Situation became worse after French defeat at Dien Bien Phu (Apr 1954)
- Led to peace negotiations at Geneva
16
Q
When was the Geneva Conference and what was decided?
A
- 1954
- Vietnam to be divided at 17th parallel and all troops to move back to respective territories
- Division was meant to be temporary with elections in 2 years but this was vetoed by the US who were scared of a communist win
- North led by Ho Chin Minh –> they renamed their capital to Ho CHi Minh city for his victory against the French
- South led by Ngo Dinh Diem –> non communist but a brutal dictator
