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History - Cold War > Chapter 11: Conflict in Asia 1955-63 > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Conflict in Asia 1955-63 Flashcards

Start of Vietnam war: NLF, Hamlets, Buddhists, Diem's assassination

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1
Q

How had the first Indochinese war ended?

A
  • 1954 Geneva Conference
  • Vietnam split into North and South
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2
Q

What was meant to happen in 1956 and why didn’t it?

A
  • Elections for reunification
  • Stopped by US as they are scared of a communist win
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3
Q

What was the name of North Vietnam?

A
  • Democratic republic of Vietnam
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4
Q

Who led North Vietnam?

A
  • Ho Chi Minh
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5
Q

What was South Vietnam called?

A
  • Republic of Vietnam
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6
Q

Who was the leader of South Vietnam?

A
  • Ngo Dinh Diem
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7
Q

What was Ho Chi Minh’s short term goal?

A
  • Strengthen North Vietnam after the war
  • Infrastructure, rebuilding, army etc
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8
Q

What was the long term aim in the North?

A
  • Reunification with the south under communism
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9
Q

What policies were introduced in the north?

A
  • Land reforms through Vietnam Workers’ Party (VWP)
  • Seize private land, publicly denounce land owners
  • Execute and imprison hundreds - esp Catholics, pro-French, land lords and owners
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10
Q

What were the consequences of these new policies in the north?

A
  • 1956 - military forced to put down a revolt - around 6000 killed
  • 1 million fled to South Vietnam
  • Loyal communists who had owned land started to oppose Minh
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11
Q

What was the general situation in South Vietnam?

A
  • Brutal, authoritarian
  • Anti-communist
  • Relied heavily on US aid
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12
Q

What things did Diem use to rule? (4 things )

A
  • Corruption - economic aid meant for his country taken by his family and officials for their own use
  • Nepotism - his brother was PM and other family members had prominent positions in government
  • Repression - silenced any political opponents
  • US support - heavily relied on financial and military aid from the US
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13
Q

What policies were Kennedy’s biggest concern in Vietnam?

A
  • Containment
  • Domino theory
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14
Q

What new policy did Kennedy begin to rely on / be more involved in?

A
  • Flexible response
  • Could not always rely on nuclear weapons - needed to still have conventional forces
  • Large shift from Eisenhower and massive retaliation / brinkmanship
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15
Q

What new military tactic did Kennedy favour?

A
  • Counterinsurgency
  • Tactics to defeat guerrilla / unconventional forces
  • Focused on gathering intelligence , targeting leaders, infiltrating the enemy –> instead of fighting head on
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16
Q

How was Kennedy involved in Vietnam?

A
  • Strategic hamlets
  • Economic and military aid
  • Military advisors for training the South Vietnamese army and just as troops
17
Q

Who recommended and what were the recommendations to Kennedy about US involvement in Vietnam?

A
  • Nov 1961
  • Taylor and Roscow
  • Recommend helicopters, to increase training of South Vietnamese army, increase US combat forces, strategic bombing on North Vietnam
18
Q

Which aspects did Kennedy focus on?

A
  • Counterinsurgency
  • Helping the South Vietnam army
19
Q

When was the NLF formed and who was its leader?

A
  • 1960
  • Figurehead leader –> Nguyen Huu Tho
  • Most considered Ho Chi Minh as the leader
20
Q

What was the aim of the NLF?

A
  • Opposition to Diem and socialist reunification
  • Want to free South Vietnam from American imperialism
21
Q

How did the NLF view the US?

A
  • New colonial power that took over from France
  • The US did little to help change this view
22
Q

How did the US view the NLF?

A
  • As a communist tool
  • Diem renamed them the Viet Cong
  • Seen as a revolutionary army
23
Q

How did the NLF gain support in South Vietnam and who did they appeal to?

A
  • 10 point programme
  • Appealed to intellectuals, students, middle and working class
24
Q

What other thing helped the NLF to infiltrate the South?

A
  • Supply route from north to south
  • Supplied equipment and personnel
  • Ho Chi Minh trail
25
Q

What was the strategic hamlet programme?

A
  • Began 1962
  • Put peasants in villages behind barricades like strongholds
  • US backed policy of counterinsurgency and US military advisors oversaw them
26
Q

What was the aim of the hamlets?

A
  • To contain the influence of the NLF and promote their own influence
27
Q

What was the scale of the hamlets in the first year?

A
  • 1962
  • 4 million people in hamlets
  • 3000 hamlets
28
Q

What was the impact of the hamlets?

A
  • NLF were not interested in the hamlets or the peasants –> instead went after corrupt and embezzling officials
  • Peasants felt forced to protect against an enemy that targeted their government not themselves
  • Influence of NLF + north makes their regime seem more appealing
  • Hamlets became breeding grounds for NLF recruits
29
Q

Why were the Buddhists persecuted?

A
  • Diem was catholic and him and the catholic minority in South Vietnam imposed this on the rest of the people - who were in the majority Buddhist
30
Q

Why did the Buddhists protest?

A
  • May 1963
  • In Hue were banned from flying flags to honour the Buddha’s birthday
  • Military stopped them hearing the speech of their leader Tri Quang
31
Q

What ways did the Buddhists oppose?

A
  • Trained in making anti-government propaganda
  • Mass rallies and hunger strikes
  • Self-immolation
  • Engaged with foreign press
32
Q

How did Tri Quang help the protests?

A
  • Secretly talked to US officials in Saigon
  • Told them to put pressure on Diem to enact reforms or be removed
  • Blamed the US for supporting Diem and so helping to create the situation
33
Q

What US action helped to cause Diem’s assassination?

A
  • US considered removing support for Diem to pressure him into reform
34
Q

What do these US actions encourage?

A
  • South Vietnamese generals to overthrow Diem
35
Q

When and how is Diem assassinated?

A
  • 1963
  • 1 Nov - generals organise a coup
  • 2 Nov - Diem and PM brother assassinated
36
Q

How does the assassination impact the US?

A
  • Claim to have had no involvement but this is still debated
  • Brought even more involvement for the US into the Vietnam war

History - Cold War (19 decks)

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