Chapter 15: Cooperation Flashcards
What were attitudes of Khrushchev before Cuba?
- peaceful coexistence
- Criticism from Mao - needed strong anti-western stance
What were attitudes of Khrushchev after Cuba?
- Open to discussions about nuclear weapons
- Open to a relationship with US on mutual restraint
What were Kennedy’s attitudes before Cuba?
- Criticised for being soft on communism - showed strong anti-communist policy
What were Kennedy’s attitudes after Cuba?
- Showed goal of decreasing nuclear weapons
- Began negotiations to prevent further use
What did Cuba show?
- How nuclear war needed to be avoided
- MAD
- Kennedy & Khrushchev foreign policy shift
Why were negotiations left to their successors?
- Khrushchev ousted 1964
Kennedy assassinated 1963
What was the Washington - Moscow hotline?
- 1963
- Direct phone line for emergencies
What was the impact of the hotline?
- First used 1967
- Mostly unused
- Did reduce tension when used
When and why was the Moscow test ban treaty signed?
- First proposed by USSR in 50s
- Finally signed 1963
- Some unwillingness by public to soften stance x most saw threat of nuclear war and helped push it through by public pressure
What did the test ban treaty state?
- Banned nuclear testing in the atmosphere and underwater
How was the test ban treaty flawed?
- Did not ban underground - partial ban
- France and China refuse to sign
What did the test ban treaty signify?
- 1st collective agreement
- Confirmed commitment to reducing weapons
What was the nuclear non proliferation treaty?
- 1968
- Agreed not to share weapons or weapons based technology
What did the non proliferation treaty aim to do?
- To prevent non-nuclear states forming alliances with nuclear states
Who signed it and when?
- Most UN countries 1968 - 70
- China and France 1992
How did US arms technology develop?
- 1960s - ICBMs and submarine missiles
- MIRVS
How did USSR nuclear technology develop?
- ABMs - made ineffective by MIRVs
What were reasons that discussions continued?
- Public concern about nuclear war
- Pressure from other countries about wider impact of detonations
- Increasing costs of arms race diverting funds from domestic concerns
What were US specific reasons for limiting the arms race?
- Weakened (esp economically) by Vietnam war
What were USSR reasons for negotiations?
- Wanted increased relations with US due to deteriorating sino-soviet relations
