Chapter 12: Confrontation between the superpowers Flashcards

The Cuban Missile Crisis

1
Q

Who was Batista?

A
  • Cuban dictator 1952-9
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2
Q

Who was Castro?

A
  • Landed in Cuba in 1956 and launched a guerrilla campaign
  • PM of Cuba from 1959
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3
Q

Who was Che Guevara?

A
  • Argentinian Marxist - joined Castro - was minister of industry under Castro - part of the nationalisation programme
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4
Q

What happened 1956-9 in Cuba? (revolution hint hint)
How did the US respond?

A
  • Castro and Los Barbudos arrive in Cuba to carry out a guerrilla campaign
  • 1st Jan 1959 - Batista’s regime collapsed
  • US let it run its course - not a communist uprising
  • Put an embargo on arms shipments to Batista
  • 1959 - Castro goes to UN - Eisenhower refuses to meet him - pushes Castro to USSR
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5
Q

What does Castro first introduce to Cuba?

A
  • May 1959
  • Agrarian reform - seize lots of American property on Cuba
  • Still no US intervention - can’t afford it after Berlin crisis
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6
Q

How is Cuba then supported by the USSR?

A
  • Feb 1960
  • Soviet first deputy PM goes to Cuba and gives them $100 million in credit
  • Now have political and economic ties to USSR
  • US fear communism in Latin America and Domino effect
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7
Q

How does Soviet aid impact US actions to Cuba?

A
  • April 1960
  • 1st crude oil shipment to Cuba from the USSR - US owned oil companies refuse to refine it - Castro nationalises them
  • US introduce economic sanctions - reduce Cuban sugar imports by 95%
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8
Q

How does the US - Cuban relations deteriorate further?

A
  • Castro seized $1 billion of US assets and look to the USSR for protection
  • US decide it is time to look to removing Castro
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9
Q

When and what was the bay of pigs fiasco?

A
  • April 1961
  • CIA plan inherited by Kennedy from Eisenhower
  • 1500 Cuban exiles (trained up by US forces) sent to Cuba
  • Sent to overthrow Castro’s regime
  • Defeated
  • Humiliated Kennedy
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10
Q

What was Operation Mongoose?

A
  • Nov 1961
  • To overthrow Castro by covert operations
  • To be assassinated if needed
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11
Q

What are the consequences of Bay of pigs and Mongoose?

A
  • Draws Castro closer to the USSR for protection
  • Helped to consolidate Castro’s rule as he is seen as defeating and protecting against American imperialism
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12
Q

Why do the USSR deploy nuclear missiles on Cuba?

A
  • Assist a left wing nation
  • Can have a military presence in the Americas
  • Can have long range missiles close to US
  • Made large scale conventional forces not needed - less expensive - money can be spent on civilian economy
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13
Q

Why was Khrushchev under pressure?

A
  • Mao sees him as a reformist
  • Berlin (+Ulbricht) - image of communism ruined by the wall
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14
Q

Why was Kennedy under pressure?

A
  • Khrushchev - after U2 affair (1961) and ultimatums (Vienna)
  • Americans - failed bay of pigs (1961) needs to succeed
  • Congressional elections (Nov 1962) - needs to look good
  • Advisors - split between hawks (want military action) and doves (want diplomatic resolution)
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15
Q

What dates does the missile crisis span?

A
  • 14 - 28 Oct 1962
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16
Q

What happened on the 14th Oct?

A
  • U2 spy plane photos a missile site on Cuba
17
Q

What happened on the 16th Oct?

A
  • Kennedy is informed - council of advisors collected (ExComm) and consider options –> hawks and doves
18
Q

What happened on the 22nd Oct?

A
  • Kennedy performs a TV address to announce a naval blockade to prevent more weapons shipments to Cuba
  • Urge Khrushchev to be peaceful and say they will consider all Cuban nuclear weapons as Soviet and will react as such
19
Q

What happened on the 23rd Oct?

A
  • UN security council meet - condemn USSR and the nuclear missile deployment
  • USSR say they see the blockade as an act of aggression
20
Q

What happened on the 24th Oct?

A
  • Blockade had impact - first Soviet ships stopped or turned around
21
Q

What happened on the 26th Oct?

A
  • Khrushchev telegrams to offer to remove missiles from Cuba as long as Cuba is safe from future US invasion
  • Castro orders anti-aircraft forces to fire on planes
22
Q

What happened on the 27th Oct?

A
  • 2nd telegram asks for Turkish missiles to be removed in exchange for Cuban ones
  • U2 spy plane shot down over Cuba and pilot killed
  • Kennedy publicly agrees to 1st offer but secretly agrees to remove Turkish missiles too
23
Q

What happened on the 28th Oct?

A
  • Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles from Cuba
  • Castro = angry and betrayed –> refuses to allow UN inspection of missile sites
24
Q

What were the consequences of the crisis? (6 things)

A
  • Khrushchev humiliated again - publicly forced to remove missiles
  • Khrushchev did protect Cuba as a new communist nation
  • Actually came to an agreement rationally and avoided war
  • Cuban and Turkish missiles removed - Turkish = secret (esp from NATO)
  • 1963 - test ban treaty, hotline set up between white house and kremlin
  • 1968 - non proliferation treaty