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Davis BIO 225 (Lecture) > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Branch of biology dealing with the study of

inheritance

A

Genetics

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2
Q

A cellular structure composed of a neatly packaged

DNA molecule.

A

Chromosome

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3
Q

Macromolecule containing many genes.

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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4
Q

Portion of the DNA molecule that codes for a

specific protein.

A

Gene

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5
Q

Manufactured by ribosomes, consist of long
chains of amino acids, each with a particular
“code” or “sequence”

A

Protein

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6
Q

A DNA nucleotide Consists of:

A
  1. One or more phosphate groups
  2. A five carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
  3. One of four different nitrogenous bases (A,T, G and C)
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7
Q

Nitrogenous base molecules that contain double

ring structures.

A

Purines

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8
Q

Nitrogenous base molecules that contain a single

ring structure.

A

Pyrimidines

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9
Q

The two nucleotide chains of DNA are held

together by __________between the bases.

A

Hydrogen Bonds

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10
Q

A RNA nucleotide Consists of:

A
  1. phosphate groups
  2. Ribose sugar
  3. 1 of the four nitrogenous bases: (A,U, C, G)
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11
Q

The process of duplicating DNA.

A

Replication

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12
Q

Responsible for unwinding the double stranded

DNA molecule

A

Helicase

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13
Q

Bind to each single strand of DNA to keep them apart.

A

Single strand DNA binding proteins

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14
Q

Initiation of DNA synthesis requires “Jump

Starting” with a length of RNA manufactured by

A

RNA primase

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15
Q

Adds nucleotides to a growing DNA strand in a 5’

to 3’ direction

A

DNA Polymerase III

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16
Q

The RNA primer sequence is later removed through
enzymatic action of _______ and replaced with
DNA

A

DNA Polymerase I

17
Q

DNA strand synthesized continuously is known as

A

The leading strand

18
Q

DNA strand synthesized discontinuously is known as

A

The lagging strand

19
Q

Short DNA segments on the lagging strand are

called

A

Okazaki Fragments

20
Q

The master code of DNA is first used to synthesize

an RNA molecule during______

A

Transcription

21
Q

During transcription mRNA is formed in the 5’ to 3’ direction using the enzyme _______

A

RNA Polymerase

22
Q

In prokaryotes, transcription and translation both

take place in the _______

A

Cytoplasm

23
Q 
Synthesized from DNA to direct the synthesis of
polypeptide chains (proteins)
A

mRNA

24
Q

Forms ribosomal subunits that together make up

the ribosome

A

rRNA

25
Q

Once an mRNA molecule has been transcribed and
has combined with a ribosome, the ribosome
initiates protein synthesis and provides site for
protein assembly.This process of turning mRNA
into protein is known as ______?

A

Translation

26
Q

In translation each triplet (sequence of three bases)

in mRNA is known as a

A

Codon

27
Q

Each codon accounts for 1 _____

A

Amino Acid

28
Q

Functions to transfer amino acids from the
cytoplasm to the ribosomes for placement in a
protein molecule.

A

tRNA

29
Q

Each tRNA has a three-base ______that is

complementary to a particular mRNA codon.

A

Anticodon

30
Q

Any change to the nucleotide sequence in the

genome is called a ______.

A

Mutation

31
Q

A random change in the DNA arising from errors

in replication the occur randomly.

A

Spontaneous mutation

32
Q

Result from exposure to known mutagens, which
are primarily physical or chemical agents the
interact with DNA in a disruptive manner
(radiation).

A

Induced mutations

33
Q

A base substitution, in which one base is
substituted for another at a specific location in a
gene.

A

Point mutations

34
Q

A mutation in which there is a deletion or an

insertion of one or more bases.

A

Frameshift mutations

35
Q

The purposeful manipulation of genetic material to
alter the characteristics of an organism in a desired
way

A

Genetic Engineering

36
Q

The process of removing genetic material from one
organism and combining it with that of a different
organism.

A

Recombinant DNA technology

37
Q

An enzyme that cuts the DNA at specific nucleotide

sequences

A

Restriction endonuclease enzyme

38
Q

Acts like glue to put ends of nucleotide segments back

together.

A

Ligase

39
Q

Test done to increase the amount of DNA in a

sample.

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Davis BIO 225 (Lecture) (16 decks)

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