Chapter 8 Flashcards
Branch of biology dealing with the study of
inheritance
Genetics
A cellular structure composed of a neatly packaged
DNA molecule.
Chromosome
Macromolecule containing many genes.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Portion of the DNA molecule that codes for a
specific protein.
Gene
Manufactured by ribosomes, consist of long
chains of amino acids, each with a particular
“code” or “sequence”
Protein
A DNA nucleotide Consists of:
- One or more phosphate groups
- A five carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
- One of four different nitrogenous bases (A,T, G and C)
Nitrogenous base molecules that contain double
ring structures.
Purines
Nitrogenous base molecules that contain a single
ring structure.
Pyrimidines
The two nucleotide chains of DNA are held
together by __________between the bases.
Hydrogen Bonds
A RNA nucleotide Consists of:
- phosphate groups
- Ribose sugar
- 1 of the four nitrogenous bases: (A,U, C, G)
The process of duplicating DNA.
Replication
Responsible for unwinding the double stranded
DNA molecule
Helicase
Bind to each single strand of DNA to keep them apart.
Single strand DNA binding proteins
Initiation of DNA synthesis requires “Jump
Starting” with a length of RNA manufactured by
RNA primase
Adds nucleotides to a growing DNA strand in a 5’
to 3’ direction
DNA Polymerase III
The RNA primer sequence is later removed through
enzymatic action of _______ and replaced with
DNA
DNA Polymerase I
DNA strand synthesized continuously is known as
The leading strand
DNA strand synthesized discontinuously is known as
The lagging strand
Short DNA segments on the lagging strand are
called
Okazaki Fragments
The master code of DNA is first used to synthesize
an RNA molecule during______
Transcription
During transcription mRNA is formed in the 5’ to 3’ direction using the enzyme _______
RNA Polymerase
In prokaryotes, transcription and translation both
take place in the _______
Cytoplasm
Synthesized from DNA to direct the synthesis of polypeptide chains (proteins)
mRNA
Forms ribosomal subunits that together make up
the ribosome
rRNA
Once an mRNA molecule has been transcribed and
has combined with a ribosome, the ribosome
initiates protein synthesis and provides site for
protein assembly.This process of turning mRNA
into protein is known as ______?
Translation
In translation each triplet (sequence of three bases)
in mRNA is known as a
Codon
Each codon accounts for 1 _____
Amino Acid
Functions to transfer amino acids from the
cytoplasm to the ribosomes for placement in a
protein molecule.
tRNA
Each tRNA has a three-base ______that is
complementary to a particular mRNA codon.
Anticodon
Any change to the nucleotide sequence in the
genome is called a ______.
Mutation
A random change in the DNA arising from errors
in replication the occur randomly.
Spontaneous mutation
Result from exposure to known mutagens, which
are primarily physical or chemical agents the
interact with DNA in a disruptive manner
(radiation).
Induced mutations
A base substitution, in which one base is
substituted for another at a specific location in a
gene.
Point mutations
A mutation in which there is a deletion or an
insertion of one or more bases.
Frameshift mutations
The purposeful manipulation of genetic material to
alter the characteristics of an organism in a desired
way
Genetic Engineering
The process of removing genetic material from one
organism and combining it with that of a different
organism.
Recombinant DNA technology
An enzyme that cuts the DNA at specific nucleotide
sequences
Restriction endonuclease enzyme
Acts like glue to put ends of nucleotide segments back
together.
Ligase
Test done to increase the amount of DNA in a
sample.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
