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Patient Care > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an Emergency?

A

Any situation in which the condition of a patient or a sudden change in medical status necessitates immediate attention and action

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2
Q

Types of Emergency

A 
Pulmonary Embolus
Shock
Diabetic Reactions
Seizure
CVA
Syncope
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3
Q

Fainting also called

A

Syncope

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4
Q

Dizziness also called

A

Vertigo

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5
Q

Emergency Cart is also called

A

“Crash Cart”

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6
Q

Medical Imaging Professional’s Role

A

Preserve life
Avoid further harm to the patient
Obtain appropriate medical assistance as quickly as possible
Must be able to recognize emergency situation and initiate emergency measures

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7
Q

What does AED stand for?

A

automatic external defibrillator

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8
Q

What is Glasgow Coma Scale?

A 
Address three (3) areas of neurological functioning 
1. Eyes open
2. Motor response
3. Verbal response
Total of 15 pts possible
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9
Q

A failure of the circulatory system to support vital body functions
Body’s reaction to illness, trauma or to severe physiologic or emotional stress

A

Shock

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10
Q

Shock is caused by

A

Loss in body fluid, cardiac failure, decrease blood vessel tone, or an obstruction in blood flow to vital organs

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11
Q

4 Classes of Shock

A

Neurogenic Shock
Hypovolemic Shock
Cardiogenic Shock
Vasogenic Shock

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12
Q

Caused by spinal anesthesia or damage to the upper spinal cord
Spinal cord injury, severe pain, neurologic damage
Blood vessels become relaxed and dilated
Pooling of blood in venous system

A

Neurogenic Shock

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13
Q

Caused by loss of blood or tissue fluid
Hemorrhage, burns, prolonged vomiting, diarrhea or medications, GI bleeding, bleeding after surgery
Insufficient amount of fluid & heart unable to pump enough to body

A

Hypovolemic Shock

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14
Q

Caused by a variety of cardiac disorders
Failure of heart to pump an adequate amount of blood to organs
7% of patient die from heart attack – most common cause is cardiogenic shock

A

Cardiogenic Shock

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15
Q

Caused by sepsis, deep anesthesia, or anaphylaxis

Peripheral vascular dilation produced by factors such as toxins that directly affect blood vessels

A

Vasogenic Shock

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16
Q

Most common type of shock encountered in radiology dept is?

A

Anaphylactic Shock

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17
Q

Anaphylactic Shock is also a

A

Vasogenic shock

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18
Q

Anaphylactic Shock may occur

A

with contrast media administration

Meticulous history/questionnaire form

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19
Q

Signs & symptoms of Anaphylactic shock

A

must be monitored as routine procedure with contrast studies
Alert physician when signs occur (sneezing/itching……call nurse)
Mild/Moderate/Severe reactions

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20
Q 
Localized itching
Injection site
Urticaria (hives)
Nasal congestion
Sneezing, coughing
Swelling – eyes, face
Tearing of eyes
Flushed, feeling of warmth (common site effect)
Nausea & vomiting
A

Mild Reaction

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21
Q

PE is

A

Occlusion of a pulmonary arteries by a thrombus

Blood clot forms and becomes lodged in the pulmonary artery

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22
Q

Decreased BP
Weak, thready pulse (rapid or shallow)
Bronchospasm, laryngeal edema, severe dyspnea, cyanosis
Dysphasia, abdominal cramping, vomiting, and diarrhea
Seizures, respiratory & cardiac arrest

A

Severe Reaction

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23
Q

Anaphylactic Shock Reaction

A 
Stop the procedure & injection
Do not remove IV access
Notify the radiologist and nursing staff
Obtain crash cart
Place patient in a Semi-Fowler’s position or in a sitting position to facilitate breathing
Document reaction (important)
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24
Q

PE stands for

A

Pulmonary Embolus

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25
PE is
Occlusion of a pulmonary arteries by a thrombus Blood clot forms and becomes lodged in the pulmonary artery Originates in the lower extremity and travels to the lungs (DVT)
26
PE originates
in the lower extremity and travels to the lungs (DVT)
27
PE caused by
Trauma, surgical procedures (orthopedic & abdominal), pregnancy, CHF, prolonged immobility (airplane or long car rides) Swelling in lower extremities, pain, sudden onset
28
PE result in
50,000 deaths each year
29
A group of metabolic diseases which result from a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism
Diabetes Mellitus
30
Diabetes Mellitus is caused from
insufficient production of insulin or inadequate utilization of insulin
31
Diabetes Mellitus results in
abnormal amount of glucose in the blood or hyperglycemia
32
How many types of Diabetes?
4 types Type I: gestational diabetes Type II: associated with other conditions
33
Hypoglycemia
``` Excessive insulin (sugar) is present (low blood sugar) Characteristic of diabetes ```
34
Hypoglycemia occurs
If patient takes normal dose of insulin and does not eat (exam prep) Example: inpatient comes to radiology after taking insulin but before eating breakfast
35
Hypoglycemia Rapid onset of symptoms:
Intense hunger, weakness, shaky, sweat excessively, confused or irritable Need a quick form of carbohydrate or take a glucose tablet
36
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Insufficient insulin causes liver to produce more glucose resulting in hyperglycemia Kidneys then excrete glucose with water & electrolytes resulting in polyuria, dehydration & electrolyte imbalance
37
Hyperglycemia develops
Gradually over a period of hours/days Excessive thirst & urination, dry mucosa, rapid and deep breathing, drowsiness & confusion Insulin required – leads to diabetic coma if left untreated
38
Diabetic Ketoacidosis may result from
a patient being detained within the imaging department and missing their insulin medication
39
Without insulin
Cells cannot use the sugar in the blood and the cells need energy to survive. Body switches to a back up mechanism. Affects patients with Type 1 diabetes
40
Diabetic Ketoacidosis Symptoms
``` Tachycardia Headache Blurred or double vision Extreme thirst Sweet odor to the breath ```
41
Responsibility for Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Stop the procedure and notify nursing staff/radiologist | Do not leave the patient unattended
42
Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) also called
“Stroke or Brain Attack”
43
What is CVA?
Due to occlusion or rupture of the blood supply to the brain
44
CVA range from
Mild attacks to severe | Life-threatening situations
45
CVA symptoms are
``` Paralysis on one or both sides Slurred or no speech Extreme dizziness Loss of vision Severe headache Temporary loss of consciousness ```
46
Generalized brain function disturbance and are accompanied by changes in LOC
Seizures
47
Seizures Symptoms
A symptom of an underlying condition | Little or no warning and lasting only seconds to several minutes
48
Seizures caused by
``` Infectious disease Extreme stress Head trauma Brain tumors Vascular disease Congenital malformation Odors and flashing lights – seizure prone patients ```
49
Generalized Seizures
Affects both sides of brain | Different types: Tonic-clonic or Grand mal seizure; absence or petit mal seizure
50
Generalized Seizures Symptoms
Utter a sharp cry as air is rapidly exhaled Muscles become rigid and eyes open wide Jerky body movements & rapid, irregular respirations Vomit or froth Urinary or fecal incontinence Falls into a deep sleep after seizure
51
Patients who have reoccurring seizures due to brain disorder
Epilepsy
52
Affects one side of brain
Focal or Partial Seizure: Complex
53
Symptoms of Focal or Partial Seizure: Complex
Remain motionless or experience emotional outburst of fear, crying, or anger Facial grimacing, lip smacking, swallowing movements, or panting Confusion for several minutes after episode with no memory of incident (affects memory)
54
Condition of Focal or Partial Seizure: Complex
``` Finger or hand may shake Speak unintelligibly (? Dizzy Sense strange odors, tastes, or sounds Does not lose consciousness Does not affect memory (Can have both general and simple) ```
55
How to deal with Seizures pt?
Call for assistance Protect patient’s privacy Place pillow under patient’s head Do not restrain the patient Do not attempt to insert a hard object into the patient’s mouth Prevent patient from falling; if patient knows of pending seizure (aura) assist to floor Turn patient to a Sim’s position (pane procedure)
56
What cause Syncope?
Transient loss of consciousness | Due to insufficient blood supply to the brain
57
Syncope Reaction
Watch for orthostatic hypotension Assist patient to a recumbent position with feet elevated Loosen any tight clothing Patient falling Do NOT try to keep them up Place knees behind patient with arms around waist & assist to floor
58
History of outbursts or history of growing confusion/disorientation
Agitated/Confused Patient
59
Increasing agitation
Rapid pacing back and forth Animated and increasing noisy conversation with someone who is not present Illogical thought processes Refusal to cooperative
60
Dealing with Agitated/Confused Patient
Consult with the patient’s nurse Request assistance (don’t handle yourself) Leave a door open and a clear path to leave room if necessary Approach from the side, not face to face Do not touch patient before asking permission Use simple (not specific), concise statements to explain purpose & procedure Do not become involved in conversation
61
Quarrelsome & reluctant to cooperate
Intoxicated Patient
62
Neglect all rules for safety
Risk of falling from stretcher or imaging table Keep communication simple, direct & non-judgemental Do not leave the patient alone Observe the patient at all times Ask for assistance if necessary If refuses, stop procedure
63
Moderate Reaction
``` Tachycardia/Bradycardia Hypotension/Hypertension Bronchospasm, wheezing Constriction of the air passageways Dyspnea Laryngeal edema Acute inflammation causing obstruction to air flow ```
64
Vertigo is a precursor (sign) to
Syncope

Patient Care (19 decks)

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