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Patient Care > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

A disease capable of being passed from one person to another

Caused by microorganisms

A

Infectious disease

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2
Q

Infection Control Goals

Karen Kelly, RN, BSN

A
  1. Reduce the risk of health care workers (student radiographers) acquiring an infection
  2. Reduce the incidence of transmitting healthcare worker (student radiographers) flora to patients
  3. Reduce the transmission of infectious pathogens from patient to patient
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3
Q

Drugs that tend to destroy microbes or prevent their multiplication

A

Antimicrobial drugs

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4
Q

Soluble substances derived from a mold or bacterium that kills or inhibits growth of other microorganisms

A

Antibiotics

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5
Q

3 types of infections

A

Nosocomial infection
Iatrogenic infection (type of nosocomial)
Community-acquired infection

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6
Q

Infections acquired in the course of medical care, hospital, clinic…..
Infections contracted @ birth by infants of infected mother

A

Nosocomial infection

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7
Q

Nosocomial infection that results from a particular treatment/therapeutic procedure

A

Iatrogenic infection

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8
Q

A person who enters a HC facility with an infection

A

Community-acquired infection

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9
Q

Microorganisms in everyone @ all times

A

Normal flora

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10
Q

Infections that are caused by microorganisms that are not normal flora

A

Exogenous nosocomial infection

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11
Q

A person acquires an infection in HC setting

Result of an overgrowth of normal flora or treatment w/broad-spectrum antimicrobial drug

A

Endogenous nosocomial infection

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12
Q

Drug effective against a wide variety of different microorganisms

A

Broad-spectrum antimicrobial drug

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13
Q

Flora acquired by contact w/object on which they present

Easy to remove from skin

A

Transient flora

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14
Q

Bacteria living on skin which not result in infection

A

Resident flora

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15
Q

2 Common sites of nosocomial infection

A 
Bloodstream (venous access devices)
Urinary tract (catheters)
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16
Q

Others frequent sites of nosocomial infection

A

Wounds following surgical procedures

Respiratory tract infections

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17
Q

4 factors that encourage nosocomial infection

A
  1. Environment (air)
  2. Therapeutic regimen (drug)
  3. Equipment
  4. Contamination during procedure
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18
Q

8 factors increase potential for nosocomial infection

A
  1. Age
  2. Heredity (genetic)
  3. Nutritional status (obesity)
  4. Stress
  5. Inadequate rest & exercise
  6. Personal habits (smoking)
  7. Health history
  8. Inadequate defenses (broken skin)
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19
Q

Microorganisms

A

Don’t fit any plant or animal kingdoms (3rd kingdom)

Used in food/drug to destroy waste

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20
Q

3rd kingdom or “Protista kingdom”

A

Plant or animal kingdom

Formulated by Haeckel

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21
Q

Protista kingdom includes

A 
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Helminths
Viruses
Prisons
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22
Q

4 major groups of microorganism produce disease

A

Bacteria
Fungi
Viruses
Parasites

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23
Q 
Microscopic, single-celled organisms
Endospores (resisting, allow to survive)
Tuberculosis/Strep throat 
Colorless
Minute
A

Bacteria

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24
Q

Cells require an oxygenated environment to live
Macroscopic or microscopic (mushroom)
Molds
Yeast

A

Fungi

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25
Q 
Smallest microorganism 
Cannot visualize under any microscope
Either DNA or RNA – never both
Host cell
Viral diseases include:  influenza, common cold, mumps, measles, and Hepatitis
A

Viruses

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26
Q

Microorganisms produce diseases are called

A

Pathogenic
Pathogen
Pathogenicity

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27
Q

Primary source of material for the production of antibiotic drugs and to flavor various cheeses

A

Molds

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28
Q

Produce beer/wine; source of vitamins & minerals

Thrush

A

Yeast

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29
Q

Organisms that live on or in other organisms at the expense of the host organ
Can be a plant or animal
Animal parasites (animal) are pathogenic to humans

A

Parasites

30
Q

5 elements needed to transmit infection

A
  1. Infectious Agent (human,plant,animal)
  2. Reservoir or an environment
  3. Portal of exit (nose/mouth)
  4. Means of transmission (direct/indirect)
  5. Portal of entry (equipment)
31
Q

5 Means of Transmission

A
  1. Indirect
  2. direct
  3. Vehicle
  4. Airborne rout
  5. Vectors
32
Q

Transfer by touching objects (fomites) that have been contaminated by an infected person (touch the photo of the pt)

A

Indirect transmission

33
Q

Contact with infectious secretions that come from the eyes, nose or mouth of a host as they cough, sneeze or talk (nose/mouth/eye/hand)

A

Direct transmission

34
Q

Transport infection

Food, water, drugs, contaminated blood (contain microorganism)

A

Vehicle transmission

35
Q

Residue from evaporated droplets are suspended in air for long periods of time

A

Airborne transmission

36
Q

Insect or animal carriers of disease

A

Vector transmission

37
Q

4 stages of Disease Process

A
  1. Incubation stage
  2. Prodromal stage
  3. Full disease
  4. Convalescent stage
38
Q

Stage of enters body & begins produce a diseas

A

Incubation stage

39
Q

Stage of microorganism increases
Disease infected
Early symptom

A

Prodromal stage

40
Q

Stage of disease full extent increase

A

Full disease stage

41
Q

Stage of symptoms/disease diminish disappear

Micro goes to latent phase

A

Convalescent stage

42
Q

HIV usually results in AIDS
Retrovirus
Destroys host cell and replicates while infecting other cells

A

HIV

43
Q

Retrovirus have an enzyme complex are called

A

Reverse transcriptinase

44
Q

5 phases of HIV

A

Phase 1: enters body & replicates in blood stream
PH 2: flu-like symptoms
PH 3: declining immune function & decrease # lymphocytes
PH4: weight loss, night sweat, rash…
PH5: immunosuppressed

45
Q

5 RNA viruses

A

A,B,C,E,G

46
Q

Inflammation of the liver cells

A

Viral Hepatitis

Caused by 5 RNA viruses

47
Q

Virus is transmitted by fecal-oral route

A

A & E

48
Q

New form of hepatitis

A

G

Same as B & C but longer incubation period

49
Q

Which hepatitis HCWK most often contact from needle-stick injury

A

B

50
Q

Hepatitis B & C

A

Most common blood-borne in US

Blood & sex

51
Q

2 others nosocomial infection

A

MRSA

C-difff

52
Q

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (nursing home pt, increase in gym)
Super bug
Nursing home patients, dialysis patients, aged & debilitated, ICU patients, any patient hospitalized for a long period of time

A

MRSA (infection of skin)

53
Q

Clostridium difficile
Antibiotics that predispose one by disrupting normal flora of intestinal tract
Frequent cause of nosocomial infections
Spore-forming bacteria that releases toxins into bowel
Resistant to disinfectants; easily spread by hands

A

C-diff (contact by hand)

54
Q

Recurrent, chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Lungs (can’t affect area)
Pulmonary TB (student 1/year)
Asymptomatic; onset & early stages go unnoticed
Exposure of healthcare workers

A

Tuberculosis (TB)

55
Q

MRSA in US

A

Death more than AIDS
Causes outside hospital
Most causes in gym showers & changing rooms

56
Q

Reduce the number & spread of microorganisms

Microorganisms have been eliminated through the use of soap, water, friction, and various chemical disinfectants

A

Medical asepsis

57
Q

Complete removal of microorganisms

Their spores from the surface of an object

A

Surgical asepsis

58
Q

The best means of preventing the spread of microorganisms

A

Hand washing

59
Q

How to Wash Your Hands

A 
Wet with water
Apply soap 
Rub at least 15 seconds
Cover all surfaces of the hands and fingers
Rinse and dry thoroughly
Use paper towel to turn off water faucet
60
Q

What does PPE stand for

A

Personal Protective Equipment

61
Q

PPE includes

A 
Gloves
Gown
Mask
Shield
To Creates a barrier between the patient and the healthcare worker
62
Q

Which precaution based on the assumption that every patient has the potential for having an infectious disease.

A

Standard Precautions

63
Q

What is Tier-1 precaution

A

Standard Precautions
Gloves
Used at all times on all patients

64
Q

What is Tier-2 precaution

A

Transmission Based Precautions

Used when called for: Airborne, Contact, Droplet

65
Q

Microbes are spread on evaporated droplets that remain suspended in air
Carried on dust in the air & may be inhaled by persons in the room or air space
TB, Chicken pox, measles

A

Airborne Isolation

66
Q

Doors kept closed
Negative pressure isolation room
Patient wears surgical mask (filters expired air)
HCWK wears respiratory mask (N95)(filters inspired air)

A

Airborne Precaution

67
Q

Droplets contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms are placed in the air from an infected person with a droplet-borne infection
Sneeze, cough, and talking
3 feet
Rubella, Pneumonia, Mumps, Influenza

A

Droplet precaution

68
Q

Private room or a room with another patient infected with same disease
Mask (w/t 3 feet)

A

Droplet precaution

69
Q

Private room or a room with another patient infected with same disease
Gloves
Gown

A

Contact precaution

70
Q

Reverse/Protective Isolation/(Contact precaution)

A

Highly susceptible patients

71
Q

Wash hands before and after
Gown/gloves/mask
No visitors/staff with signs or symptoms of an infection (cold, rash) in room
Teamwork approach

A

Expanded Precautions/Strict Isolation

72
Q

Remove pathogenic microorganism from objects or body surface (spores/mechanical chemical process)

A

Disinfection

Patient Care (19 decks)

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