Chapter 4 Flashcards by hang c cao

A disease capable of being passed from one person to another

Caused by microorganisms

Infectious disease

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Infection Control Goals

Karen Kelly, RN, BSN

Reduce the risk of health care workers (student radiographers) acquiring an infection
Reduce the incidence of transmitting healthcare worker (student radiographers) flora to patients
Reduce the transmission of infectious pathogens from patient to patient

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Drugs that tend to destroy microbes or prevent their multiplication

Antimicrobial drugs

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Soluble substances derived from a mold or bacterium that kills or inhibits growth of other microorganisms

Antibiotics

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3 types of infections

Nosocomial infection
Iatrogenic infection (type of nosocomial)
Community-acquired infection

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Infections acquired in the course of medical care, hospital, clinic…..
Infections contracted @ birth by infants of infected mother

Nosocomial infection

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Nosocomial infection that results from a particular treatment/therapeutic procedure

Iatrogenic infection

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A person who enters a HC facility with an infection

Community-acquired infection

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Microorganisms in everyone @ all times

Normal flora

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Infections that are caused by microorganisms that are not normal flora

Exogenous nosocomial infection

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A person acquires an infection in HC setting

Result of an overgrowth of normal flora or treatment w/broad-spectrum antimicrobial drug

Endogenous nosocomial infection

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Drug effective against a wide variety of different microorganisms

Broad-spectrum antimicrobial drug

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Flora acquired by contact w/object on which they present

Easy to remove from skin

Transient flora

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Bacteria living on skin which not result in infection

Resident flora

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2 Common sites of nosocomial infection

Bloodstream (venous access devices)
Urinary tract (catheters)

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Others frequent sites of nosocomial infection

Wounds following surgical procedures

Respiratory tract infections

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4 factors that encourage nosocomial infection

Environment (air)
Therapeutic regimen (drug)
Equipment
Contamination during procedure

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8 factors increase potential for nosocomial infection

Age
Heredity (genetic)
Nutritional status (obesity)
Stress
Inadequate rest & exercise
Personal habits (smoking)
Health history
Inadequate defenses (broken skin)

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Microorganisms

Don’t fit any plant or animal kingdoms (3rd kingdom)

Used in food/drug to destroy waste

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3rd kingdom or “Protista kingdom”

Plant or animal kingdom

Formulated by Haeckel

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Protista kingdom includes

Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Helminths
Viruses
Prisons

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4 major groups of microorganism produce disease

Bacteria
Fungi
Viruses
Parasites

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Microscopic, single-celled organisms
Endospores (resisting, allow to survive)
Tuberculosis/Strep throat 
Colorless
Minute

Bacteria

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Cells require an oxygenated environment to live
Macroscopic or microscopic (mushroom)
Molds
Yeast

Fungi

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``` Smallest microorganism Cannot visualize under any microscope Either DNA or RNA – never both Host cell Viral diseases include: influenza, common cold, mumps, measles, and Hepatitis ```

Viruses

Microorganisms produce diseases are called

Pathogenic Pathogen Pathogenicity

Primary source of material for the production of antibiotic drugs and to flavor various cheeses

Molds

Produce beer/wine; source of vitamins & minerals | Thrush

Yeast

Organisms that live on or in other organisms at the expense of the host organ Can be a plant or animal Animal parasites (animal) are pathogenic to humans

Parasites

5 elements needed to transmit infection

1. Infectious Agent (human,plant,animal) 2. Reservoir or an environment 3. Portal of exit (nose/mouth) 4. Means of transmission (direct/indirect) 5. Portal of entry (equipment)

5 Means of Transmission

1. Indirect 2. direct 3. Vehicle 4. Airborne rout 5. Vectors

Transfer by touching objects (fomites) that have been contaminated by an infected person (touch the photo of the pt)

Indirect transmission

Contact with infectious secretions that come from the eyes, nose or mouth of a host as they cough, sneeze or talk (nose/mouth/eye/hand)

Direct transmission

Transport infection | Food, water, drugs, contaminated blood (contain microorganism)

Vehicle transmission

Residue from evaporated droplets are suspended in air for long periods of time

Airborne transmission

Insect or animal carriers of disease

Vector transmission

4 stages of Disease Process

1. Incubation stage 2. Prodromal stage 3. Full disease 4. Convalescent stage

Stage of enters body & begins produce a diseas

Incubation stage

Stage of microorganism increases Disease infected Early symptom

Prodromal stage

Stage of disease full extent increase

Full disease stage

Stage of symptoms/disease diminish disappear | Micro goes to latent phase

Convalescent stage

HIV usually results in AIDS Retrovirus Destroys host cell and replicates while infecting other cells

HIV

Retrovirus have an enzyme complex are called

Reverse transcriptinase

5 phases of HIV

Phase 1: enters body & replicates in blood stream PH 2: flu-like symptoms PH 3: declining immune function & decrease # lymphocytes PH4: weight loss, night sweat, rash... PH5: immunosuppressed

5 RNA viruses

A,B,C,E,G

Inflammation of the liver cells

Viral Hepatitis | Caused by 5 RNA viruses

Virus is transmitted by fecal-oral route

A & E

New form of hepatitis

G | Same as B & C but longer incubation period

Which hepatitis HCWK most often contact from needle-stick injury

Hepatitis B & C

Most common blood-borne in US | Blood & sex

2 others nosocomial infection

MRSA | C-difff

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (nursing home pt, increase in gym) Super bug Nursing home patients, dialysis patients, aged & debilitated, ICU patients, any patient hospitalized for a long period of time

MRSA (infection of skin)

Clostridium difficile Antibiotics that predispose one by disrupting normal flora of intestinal tract Frequent cause of nosocomial infections Spore-forming bacteria that releases toxins into bowel Resistant to disinfectants; easily spread by hands

C-diff (contact by hand)

Recurrent, chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lungs (can’t affect area) Pulmonary TB (student 1/year) Asymptomatic; onset & early stages go unnoticed Exposure of healthcare workers

Tuberculosis (TB)

MRSA in US

Death more than AIDS Causes outside hospital Most causes in gym showers & changing rooms

Reduce the number & spread of microorganisms | Microorganisms have been eliminated through the use of soap, water, friction, and various chemical disinfectants

Medical asepsis

Complete removal of microorganisms | Their spores from the surface of an object

Surgical asepsis

The best means of preventing the spread of microorganisms

Hand washing

How to Wash Your Hands

``` Wet with water Apply soap Rub at least 15 seconds Cover all surfaces of the hands and fingers Rinse and dry thoroughly Use paper towel to turn off water faucet ```

What does PPE stand for

Personal Protective Equipment

PPE includes

``` Gloves Gown Mask Shield To Creates a barrier between the patient and the healthcare worker ```

Which precaution based on the assumption that every patient has the potential for having an infectious disease.

Standard Precautions

What is Tier-1 precaution

Standard Precautions Gloves Used at all times on all patients

What is Tier-2 precaution

Transmission Based Precautions | Used when called for: Airborne, Contact, Droplet

Microbes are spread on evaporated droplets that remain suspended in air Carried on dust in the air & may be inhaled by persons in the room or air space TB, Chicken pox, measles

Airborne Isolation

Doors kept closed Negative pressure isolation room Patient wears surgical mask (filters expired air) HCWK wears respiratory mask (N95)(filters inspired air)

Airborne Precaution

Droplets contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms are placed in the air from an infected person with a droplet-borne infection Sneeze, cough, and talking 3 feet Rubella, Pneumonia, Mumps, Influenza

Droplet precaution

Private room or a room with another patient infected with same disease Mask (w/t 3 feet)

Droplet precaution

Private room or a room with another patient infected with same disease Gloves Gown

Contact precaution

Reverse/Protective Isolation/(Contact precaution)

Highly susceptible patients

Wash hands before and after Gown/gloves/mask No visitors/staff with signs or symptoms of an infection (cold, rash) in room Teamwork approach

Expanded Precautions/Strict Isolation

Remove pathogenic microorganism from objects or body surface (spores/mechanical chemical process)

Disinfection