chapter 8 Flashcards
whats the difference between pre synaptic and post synaptic neuron
pre is the neuron sending the signal post is receiving the signal
what does the synaptic vesicles hold
calcium
what does calcium do when it comes to communication between neurons
it triggers exocytosis of neurotransmitters
what are the three ways we can get rid of neurotransmitters
reuptake, degradation from a enzyme, diffusion away from synaptic cleft
what are the two types of receptors neurotransmitters can bind to
ligand-gated channels and metabotropic receptors (G-protein linked receptors)
whats the difference between excitatory (EPSP) and inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
EPSP: Depolarization, increases chance of firing an action potential, more positive
IPSP: Hyperpolarization, decreases chance of firing an action potential, more negative
Do these cause EPSP or IPSP?
Na+ going in, Ca+2 going in, Cl- going in, K+ going out
Na+: EPSP
Ca+2: EPSP
Cl-: IPSP
K+: IPSP
what is convergence
when multiple neurons are sending signals to one neuron
what is divergence
neuron sends signal to multiple other neurons
what is summation
when synapse add together
what are the two types of summation and what do they do
temporal: multiple signals (or action potentials) from a single presynaptic neuron arrive at the postsynaptic neuron in quick succession
spatial: multiple presynaptic neurons fire action potentials simultaneously or near simultaneously, releasing neurotransmitters onto different locations on the postsynaptic membrane.
what is frequency coding
the more above the threshold the more action potentials it will send
what is a modulating neuron
neuron connecting to presynaptic neuron the either can tell it to send more or less of a signal
what is the difference between presynaptic facilitation and inhibition
facilitation- the modulating neuron tells the presynaptic neuron to release more neurotransmitters
inhibition- the modulating neuron tells the presynaptic neuron to not release as much neurotransmitters
what are the 5 types of neurotransmitters
acetylcholine, biogenic amines, amino acids, neuropeptides, gases
where is acetylcholine most abundant and where is it found
most abundant in PNS and found in neuromuscular junction (it controls muscles)
what are the two types of cholinergic receptors acetylcholine binds to and what does it do
Nicotinic- its a fast response
muscarinic- bigger response (connected to G-protein)
what is the enzyme that degrades acetylcholine
acetylcholinesterase (AchE)
what are biogenic amines
epinephrine and norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine
what receptors do biogenic amines bind to and where
adrenergic receptors (alpha and beta), PNS, CNS, and adrenal glands
what receptors does dopamine bind to and where
dopaminergic receptors, CNS
what receptor does serotonin bind to and where
5 HT receptors, CNS, (controls sleep, emotions)
what receptor does histamine bind to and where
H1, H2, H3, and CNS
what is the enzyme that degrades biogenic amines
monoamine oxidase (MAO)
what inhibits monoamine oxidase (MAO)
MAO-I
what does Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor do
blocks the reabsorption (or reuptake) of serotonin
what does glutamate do
it opens calcium channels, which causes EPSP which helps it action potential
what do amino acids do
binds to receptors and releases glutamate or GABA
what does GABA do
open chloride channels which causes IPSP which inhibits action potential
what are neuropeptides
oxytocin, endorphins, and others (these are feel good and pain pathways)
what are neuropeptides often used as
used as a modulator
what are the gas neurotransmitters and what do they do
nitric oxide (NO), causes vasodilation
