chapter 5 Flashcards
what are all the chemical messengers
paracrine, autocrines, neurotransmitters, hormones, neurohormone, cytokines
what’s the difference between direct and indirect intercellular communication
direct is physical connected and indirect where one cell sends a message and the other receives
what is a paracrine messengers
chemical message that is received by a near by cell
what is a autocrine messenger
the same cell secretes the message and receives it
what is neurotransmitters messenger
message produced by a neuron
what is a hormone message
produced by endocrine cells and are put into the blood and travel all over
what’s a neurohormone
same as hormone but made and secreted by a neuron
what is a cytokines messenger
it can do all chemical messengers
if something is hydrophilic that means it is lipo____
lipophobic
if something is hydrophobic that means it is lipo____
lipophilic
is amino acid messengers lipophobic or lipophilic and what makes it different then other messengers
its lipophobic and they are include neurotransmitters like glutamate and GABA
is amine messengers lipophobic or lipophilic and what makes it different then other messengers
its lipophobic and they are made or are derived from amino acids
is peptide/protein messengers lipophobic or lipophilic and what makes it different then other messengers
lipophobic and made of chains of amino acids, peptide is short and protein is long
is steroid messengers lipophobic or lipophilic and what makes it different then other messengers
lipophilic and derived from cholesterol, it functions like a hormone and effects DNA
is eicosanoid messengers lipophobic or lipophilic and what makes it different then other messengers
lipophilic and derived from arachidoic acid and is involved with inflammation and effects DNA
what do carrier proteins do to help chemical messengers
they help hydrophobic messengers travel in blood
what would effect the amount of target cell response
the number of messengers, the number of receptors, receptor affinity
what is up regulation
increase in number of receptors, this increases cell activity
what’s down regulation
decrease number of receptors, there’s too much cell activity
how does someone build a tolerance to something
down regulation takes away the amount of receptors so they need more to feel something
what is the difference between agonists and antagonists
agonists is a chemical that binds to receptor and mimics the normal response while antagonists binds but there is no response
what is a channel linked receptor
where a messenger can bind to receptor to open or close channel protein
what is a enzyme linked receptor
where a messenger binds to receptor and that receptor can turn a enzyme on or off
what are the 7 steps of a G protein-linked receptors
1- messenger binds to receptor
2- receptor activates G-protein
3- alpha subunit of moves over to activate enzyme
4- enzyme acts on substrate to make a second messenger
5- second messenger acts inside cell to activate protein kinase
6- protein kinase activates some protein by phosphorylating it
7- that protein has an effect inside the cell
what is the second messenger in adenylate cyclase, guanylate cyclase, and phospholipase C?
adenylate cyclase- cAMP
guanylate cyclase- cGMP
phospholipase C- DAG and IP3
what does IP3 do
opens channel protein of the ER for calcium to go into cytosol
what is signal amplification
where one messenger and receptor can have a huge effect on cell
