chapter 3 Flashcards
difference between catabolic and anabolic
catabolic breaks down large molecule and anabolic builds larger molecules
what’s the difference phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
phosphorylation is where a phosphate group is added de is where it is removed
what does kinase do
it adds a phosphate
what does a phosphatase do
it removes a phosphate
what’s the first law of thermodynamics
energy in the universe is constant
what’s the second law of thermodynamics
entropy- if things are disordered or not
what the difference between endergonic and exergonic reaction
exergonic relases energy endergonic requires energy
what’s a ligand
its something that binds to the protein
what affinity
the attraction things have (opposites attract
what’s competitive inhibition
enzyme only has 1 active site, inhibitor and substrate both fit in enzyme so they compete to get to the active site
what’s allosteric regulation
there’s 2 binding sites, modulator can go to the regulatory site to change the shape of the enzyme to make it produce more or less
what’s covalent regulation
a chemical group is covalently bonded to the enzyme with the help of another enzyme
what’s feedback inhibition
product changes the enzyme that helps produce it earlier in the production line
what’s feedforward activation
a product can go to a enzyme further down the production line to speed up process
what happens when ATP is used
it turns to ADP and phosphate falls of so that creates energy
what’s the formula for glucose oxidation
glucose and oxygen turn into carbon dizzied water and energy
what is the purpose of glycolysis
splitting glucose in half
what are the 4 steps of glucose oxidation
Glycolysis, linking step, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
what goes in a out of glycolysis
in: glucose, 2 ATPs, 2 NAD+
out: 2 pyruvate, net of 2 ATPs, 2NADH
what goes in and out of linking step
in: 2 pyruvate, CoA, NAD+
out: 2 CO2, 2 acetyl CoA, NADH
what goes in and out of the Krebs cycle
in: 2 acetyl CoA, oxloactate, NAD+, ADP, PADH+
out: 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2ATP, oxaloactate
what goes in and out of oxidative phosphorylation
In: 10 NADH, 2 FADH, oxygen
out: 34 ATP, H2O
The electron transport chain allows high energy electrons from ______ to move from protein to protein which pump ____ across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The electrons then combine with the final electron acceptor, _____ , to make _____ .
- NADH and FADH2
- hydrogen ion
- oxygen
- water
Oxidative phosphorylation allows _____ to move down its gradient through _____ in the inner membrane.
hydrogen ion
ATP synthase
When glycogen is broken down into single glucose molecules this is called
glycogenolysis
what happens when lipids are broken down
- beta-oxidation breaks fatty acid chains into 2 carbon pieces
- ketones are produced as a byproduct
what is the difference between glycogenesis and glycogenolysis
glycogenesis- makes glycogen from glucose
glycogenolysis- breaks down glycogen to make glucose
what does gluconeogenesis
it creates new glucose with lipids and fat acids
what’s the difference between lipolysis and lipogenesis
lipolysis- breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol
lipogenesis- makes triglycerides with fatty acids and glycerol
what is a ketone
byproduct of beta oxidation
what’s beta oxidation
beta oxidation is the process where those fatty acids are turned into usable energy
what’s the difference between proteolysis and proteogenesis
proteolysis- breaks down polypeptides into amino acids
proteogenesis- makes polypeptides from amino acids
