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Microbiology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The term “metabolism” includes which type(s) of cellular reactions?

A

Both anabolic and catabolic

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2
Q

Composed principally of amino acids, and acting as biological catalysts, ______ facilitate metabolic activities of the cell.

A

Ribosomes

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3
Q

Most enzymes are a functional type of ______ (a type of macromolecule)

A

Protein

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4
Q

An enzyme acts as a biological ______ that alters the rate of a reaction without being changed by the reaction.

A

Catalyst

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5
Q

Which statement is FALSE regarding enzymes?

A

Enzymes create reactions.

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6
Q

The combination of all reactions within a cell is termed ______.

A

Metabolism

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7
Q

The minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to proceed is termed the energy of ______.

A

Activation

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8
Q

Biological catalysts are known as
______.

A

Enzymes

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9
Q

Which best describes the function of enzymes?

A

Facilitate metabolic pathways

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10
Q

Enzymes typically lower the ______ energy needed for a reaction to proceed.

A

Activation

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11
Q

A specific molecule on which an enzyme acts is a(n) ______.

A

Substrate

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11
Q

Which of the following macromolecules can commonly act as catalysts?

A

Proteins

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12
Q

Typically, once an enzyme performs a “job”, it is ______.

A

Ready to “work” again

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12
Q

Although they do not create reactions, enzymes are indispensable for life because they:

A

Can speed up the rate of an uncatalyzed reaction by up to 100 trillion fold.

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13
Q

What term is used to describe the minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to proceed?

A

Activation energy

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14
Q

Specific types of RNA can function as nonenzyme ______.

A

Catalyst

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15
Q

Composed principally of amino acids, and acting as biological catalysts, ______ facilitate metabolic activities of the cell.

A

Enzymes

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16
Q

A non-functional enzyme which needs a cofactor is called a(n) ______.

A

Apoenzyme

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16
Q

Typically, the presence of enzymes ______ the activation energy needed for a reaction to proceed.

A

Lowers

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17
Q

A(n) ______ enzyme consists of protein alone, while a(n) ______ enzyme (or holoenzyme) consists of protein and nonprotein components.

A

Simple; conjugated

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18
Q

What name is given to the compound upon which an enzyme will act?

A

Substrate

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19
Q

Which of the following statements about enzymes are true?

A

Enzymes bind their substrate but are not changed in the reaction.

Enzymes are not consumed in the reaction they catalyze.

Enzymes lower the energy of activation for the reaction that they catalyze.

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20
Q

An enzyme with its apoenzyme and cofactors is referred to as a(n) ______, or a conjugated enzyme.

A

Holoenzyme

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21
Q

Certain types of the nucleic acid ______ can function as nonprotein enzymes.

A

RNA

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22
Q

What term refers to a biological catalyst that lacks an essential cofactor?

A

Apoenzyme

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23
Q

An enzyme with another molecule, such as a metal or vitamin cofactor, bound covalently to it is termed a(n) ______.

A

Conjugated enzyme

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24
Q

Which of the following is needed for an apoenzyme to be fully functional?

A

Cofactor

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25
Q

What can act as cofactors?

A

Metal ions

Coenzymes

Small organic molecules

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26
Q

Besides proteins, which type of molecule has been shown to have catalytic activity?

A

RNA

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26
Q

For an apoenzyme to become a functional holoenzyme, it must ______.

A

Bind to a cofactor

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27
Q

Protein folding determines the 3-D shape in enzymes needed for their______ for a particular substrate.

A

Specificity

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28
Q

The region on an enzyme that binds substrate is the ______ site.

A

Active, catalytic

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29
Q

An organic molecule or inorganic element that may be required for an enzyme to become functional is a(n) ______.

A

Cofactor

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30
Q

A region on an enzyme that is unique for each substrate is the ______ site.

A

Active, catalytic

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30
Q

Which model is sometimes used to describe enzyme-substrate interactions?

A

Lock-and-key

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30
Q

A complex organic molecule, often derived from vitamins, that acts in conjunction with an enzyme is known as a(n) ______.

A

Coenzyme

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30
Q

Which aspect of an enzyme’s structure gives rise to the specificity for its substrate?

A

Folding to produce a 3-D structure

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30
Q

Which of the options are names of major classes of enzymes?

A

Lyase

Hydrolase

Transferase

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31
Q

Which best defines an active site?

A

Region of an enzyme where the substrate binds

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31
Q

A catalyst composed of RNA is called a(n) ______.

A

Ribozyme

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31
Q

Which feature of an enzyme is the “most” unique?

A

Active site

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32
Q

Any enzyme that works outside a cell in which it was produced is a(n) ______.

A

Exoenzyme

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32
Q

Any enzyme that works within a cell in which it was produced is a(n) ______.

A

Endoenzyme

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33
Q

Compounds are called ______ when they can be easily denatured, distorted and/or degraded by mild changes to the environment.

A

Labile

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34
Q

What term is used to describe proteins losing their three dimensional structure as a consequence of changes in the environmental conditions such as excessive heat or salt?

A

Denaturation

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35
Q

Which of the following are classes of enzymes?

A

Transferases

Lyases

Isomerases

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36
Q

Changes in environmental conditions can cause the denaturation of cellular enzymes, resulting in:

A

Blocks to metabolic reactions and ultimately cell death.

37
Q

One evolutionary strategy to deal with an “enzymatic-block” to a particularly necessary metabolic product is to ______.

A

Have alternative enzymatic methods to synthesize the product

38
Q

Labile means that a substance such as an enzyme is:

A

Chemically unstable.

39
Q

Which are examples of forms of energy?

A

Electrical energy

Mechanical energy

Radiant energy

Chemical energy

39
Q

True or false: Cells create energy through metabolism.

A

False

40
Q

Energy management in a cell most often involves the making or breaking of chemical ______ and the transfer of ______ from one molecule to another.

A

Bonds; electrons

40
Q

True or false: Metabolic pathways are interconnected.

A

True

41
Q

The electrons that are released in exergonic pathways are transferred until they reach the:

A

Final electron acceptor

42
Q

Compounds that are oxidized will ______.

A

Lose electrons

43
Q

Chemical energy

A

Bonds of molecules

44
Q

Electric energy

A

A flow of electrons

45
Q

Radiant energy

A

Light

46
Q

Mechanical energy

A

A change in position

47
Q

Atomic energy

A

Reactions in the nucleus of an atom

48
Q

A redox reaction involves the coupling of which two types of reactions?

A

Oxidation and reduction

49
Q

Select the ways that cells manage the energy needed for metabolic reactions.

A

Transferring electrons

Making and breaking chemical bonds

50
Q

Paired reactions where an electron donor transfers electrons to an electron acceptor are called ______ reactions.

A

Redox

51
Q

What describes the energy flow in cellular metabolism?

A

Cells convert the energy in nutrients into available energy through metabolism.

52
Q

The production of ATP is often tied to the presence of a final ______ ______.

A

Electron; acceptor

53
Q

The addition of a phosphate group is referred to as ______.

A

Phosphorylation

54
Q

Oxidation reactions are coupled with ______ reactions.

A

Reduction

55
Q

Which term is used to describe the study of the mechanisms of cellular energy release, including catabolic and anabolic pathways?

A

Bioenergetics

56
Q

In a redox reaction, one compound is ______ and another compound is ______.

A

Oxidized; reduced

57
Q

The three coupled pathways that many organisms utilize during the catabolism of fuel molecules are ______, the ______ cycle, and the ______ chain.

A

Glycolysis; Krebs; respiratory/electron transport

58
Q

Electrons are transferred from fuel molecules to oxygen (the terminal electron acceptor) in ______ respiration.

A

Aerobic

59
Q

The left side of the summary equation for cellular respiration shows ______ ADP.

A

38

60
Q

Which of the following metabolic pathways begins with glucose and yields two pyruvates?

A

Glycolysis

61
Q

The second half of glycolysis:

A

Generates ATP.

62
Q

Which glycolytic reactions require ATP?

A

1
3

63
Q

In the summary equation for cellular respiration, there are ______ water molecules on the right side of the equation.

A

6

64
Q

True or false: The pyruvate molecules that form at the end of glycolysis are the first 3-carbon molecules that form in this pathway.

A

False

65
Q

The multi-step energy-yielding conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid is ______.

A

Glycolysis

66
Q

Reaction 1 of glycolysis requires an energy source in the form of ______.

A

ATP

67
Q

Which glycolytic reactions produce G3P?

A

4

5

68
Q

During the first phase of glycolysis:

A

There is an ATP investment.

69
Q

During steps 7 and 10 of glycolysis, ATP is generated. What type(s) of reactions occur to generate ATP from ADP and the substrate?

A

Phosphorylation

Hydrolysis

70
Q

Reaction ______ of glycolysis forms PEPA that has a high-energy phosphate bond.

A

9

71
Q

DHAP is converted to G3P in reaction ______ of glycolysis.

A

5

72
Q

What is the first reaction in glycolysis to result in the formation of 3-carbon molecules?

A

4

73
Q

The location of the Krebs cycle enzymes in eukaryotes is in the ______ matrix, while in prokaryotes the enzymes are found in the ______.

A

Mitochondrial; cytoplasm

74
Q

ATP is produced during reaction number ______ and reaction number ______ of glycolysis.

A

7; 10

75
Q

The removal of a ______ molecule from 2-phosphoglyceric acid in reaction 9 of glycolysis produces phosphoenolpyruvic acid and also gives rise to a high-energy ______ bond.

A

Water; phosphate

76
Q

The Kreb’s cycle has ______ steps.

A

8

77
Q

An iron-containing (heme) protein electron carrier in the last phases of aerobic respiration is a(n) ______.

A

Cytochrome

78
Q

Complex lll is composed of cytochromes ______ and ______.

A

b; c1

79
Q

Complex IV catalyzes the reaction between electrons, hydrogen ions, and ______.

A

Oxygen

80
Q

ATP synthase is stationed in the ______ in close association with the ETS carriers.

A

Cristae

81
Q

Production of ATP occurs by the process of ______, where hydrogen ions travel down their concentration gradient through channels in ATP synthase complexes.

A

Chemiosmosis

81
Q

What term is used to describe the process of ATP production from the ETS?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

82
Q

Electrons are delivered to______ by Complex lll.

A

Cytochrome c

83
Q

The production of water in the aerobic electron transport system is catalyzed by ______, which completes the electron transfer process.

A

IV

84
Q

Which ATP synthase unit can rotate like a motor to pull in protons?

A

F0

85
Q

ATP ______ is an enzyme in the mitochondrial cristae that harnesses the flux of hydrogen ions across the membrane during oxidative phosphorylation.

A

Synthase

86
Q

What induces a change in the three-dimensional structure of ATP synthase?

A

Rotation of the F0 unit

87
Q

At best, cells can generate ______ ATP from the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule during aerobic cellular respiration.

A

38

87
Q

ATP is synthesized via ______ phosphorylation during the electron transport phase of respiration.

A

Oxidative

88
Q

The generation of a proton motive force by the pumping of hydrogen ions to the outer side of the membrane during electron transport, and the movement of those hydrogen ions down their electrochemical gradient through the ATP synthase, is ______.

A

Chemiosmosis

89
Q

The large units of ATP synthase are ______ and ______.

A

F0; F1

90
Q

The reduction of nitrite to nitric acid, nitrous oxide, and even nitrogen gas is called ______.

A

Denitrification

91
Q

Fermentation results in the production of ______ aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

A

Fewer ATP than

92
Q

Protons flow through the F0
portion of ATP synthase via ______.

A

Diffusion

93
Q

The incomplete breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen that yields only a small amount of ATP and produces a variety of byproducts is a process called ______.

A

Fermentation

94
Q

The production of mixed acids, one being lactic acid, during fermentation is a good definition of ______ fermentation.

A

Heterolactic

95
Q

Which type of fermentation best describes degradation of pyruvic acid that results in the production of some combination of lactic, acetic, succinic, and formic acids?

A

Mixed acid

95
Q

The reduction of nitrite to nitrous oxide or nitrogen gas by some species of bacteria is called ______.

A

Denitrification

96
Q

Which term describes the incomplete breakdown of glucose in the absence of an electron acceptor for the electron transport system?

A

Fermentation

97
Q

Which type of acidic fermentation produces mixed acid products?

A

Heterolactic

98
Q

In mixed acid fermentation, pyruvic acid is converted into some combination of ______.

A

formic acid

lactic acid

acetic acid

succinic acid

99
Q
A

Microbiology (8 decks)

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