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Microbiology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the overall goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy?

A

To destroy the infective agent without harming the patient

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2
Q

True or false: Microorganisms that produce antibiotics in their natural habitat may have a selective advantage over neighboring microbes.

A

True

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3
Q

Which of the following is an example of drug that blocks bacterial cell wall synthesis and exhibits excellent selective toxicity?

A

Penicillin

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4
Q

A primary site of action of antimicrobial drugs is to interfere with the function of______ required to assemble macromolecules.

A

Enzymes

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5
Q

Which of the following is a substance produced by natural metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can inhibit or kill other microorganisms?

A

Antibiotic

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5
Q

How can a drug slow or stop the growth of an actively dividing cell?

A

Interfere with DNA

Block key metabolic pathways

Inhibit protein synthesis

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6
Q

An antibiotic that is only effective against a limited array of different microbes is called a(n) ______-spectrum antibiotic.

A

Narrow

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7
Q

Tetracycline is an example of which type of drug?

A

Broad spectrum

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8
Q

The cell walls of most bacteria contain a rigid girdle of which of the following?

A

Peptidoglycan

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9
Q

The property of an antimicrobial agent to be highly toxic against its target microbe while being far less toxic to the cells of the host organism is called ______ toxicity.

A

Selective

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10
Q

Which of the following are primary sites for action of antimicrobial drugs in bacteria?

A

Cell wall

Enzymes

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10
Q

The growth of an actively dividing cell may be slowed or stopped by a drug that inhibits ______ synthesis or ______ wall synthesis.

A

Protein; cell

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11
Q

Bacitracin is an antibiotic with which spectrum of activity?

A

Narrow

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12
Q

Which bacteria are the most susceptible to antibiotics that target the cell wall?

A

Young, growing

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13
Q

An antibiotic that is effective against a wide variety of microbial types is called a(n) ______ spectrum antibiotic.

A

Broad

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14
Q

The antiviral drug Remdesivir is an analog of the purine known as ______.

A

Adenine

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15
Q

Which type of inhibition of an enzyme occurs when the enzyme is blocked from action after a substance that mimics the normal substrate binds to the active site?

A

Competitive

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16
Q

Which of the following structures in bacteria protect the cell from lysis (rupture) in hypotonic environments?

A

Cell wall

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17
Q

The parent compound for all “-cillin” drugs is ______.

A

Penicillin

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18
Q

Identify the active part of the penicillin structure.

A

Beta-lactam ring

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19
Q

Which of the following is the consequence of exposure of a bacterium to an antibiotic that inhibits cell wall synthesis?

A

Cell lysis

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20
Q

Penicillins that are naturally produced by bacteria and then chemically modified in the laboratory are ______ penicillins.

A

Semisynthetic

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21
Q

Remdesivir stops the virus associated with COVID-19 from replicating by creating dysfunctional ______.

A

RNA

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22
Q

Which of the following semisynthetic penicillins are useful in treating infections caused by penicillinase-producing bacteria?

A

Cloxacillin

Nafcillin

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23
Q

Analogs that are structurally similar to the natural substrate and compete with it for the active site on the enzyme, and thus act as competitive inhibitors, are ______ analogs.

A

Metabolic

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24
Q

Which of the following antibiotics contain the beta-lactam ring?

A

Cephalosporins

Penicillins

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24
Q

Aztreonam is used to control which of the following conditions?

A

Septicemia

Urinary tract infections

Pneumonia

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25
Q

Polymyxin B and E are toxic to the body’s ______.

A

Kidneys

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26
Q

Which of the following are quinolones?

A

Ciprofloxacin

Norfloxacin

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27
Q

Which of the following is a natural fermentation product of Penicillin chrysogenum?

A

Penicillin

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28
Q

Which two semisynthetic penicillins can be used against Gram-negative bacteria?

A

Amoxicillin

Ampicillin

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29
Q

Patients who are allergic to ______ are often prescribed Aztreonam.

A

Penicillin

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29
Q

Which of the following enzymes secreted by certain bacteria cleaves the beta-lactam ring of penicillins and provides for resistance against the antibiotic?

A

Penicillinase

Beta-lactamase

30
Q

Which describes the spectrum of activity of the tetracyclines?

A

Broad

31
Q

Polymyxins are narrow-spectrum peptide antibiotics with a unique ______ ______ component that contributes to their detergent activity.

A

Fatty; acid

32
Q

The staining of teeth is one side effect of the antibiotic group known as the ______.

A

Tetracycline

33
Q

The ending -floxacin is used for which category of drugs?

A

Quinolones

34
Q

Synercid is effective against members of which genera?

A

Enterococcus

Streptococcus

Staphylococcus

35
Q

Tetracyclines inhibit which of the following?

A

Protein synthesis

35
Q

Which of the following semisynthetic penicillins are useful in treating infections caused by penicillinase-producing bacteria?

A

Nafcillin

Cloxacillin

36
Q

Advantages of semisynthetic penicillins over natural penicillins include which of the following?

A

Increased movement across gram-negative cell walls

Increased spectrum

37
Q

True or false: Antifungal drugs may be damaging to human tissues because of the similarities between human and fungal cells.

A

True

38
Q

What is a major side effect of tetracyclines?

A

Staining of teeth

39
Q

Amphotericin B is considered highly versatile in that it is effective in treating most infections caused by which of the following?

A

Fungi

40
Q

Synercid binds to ribosomes inhibiting the process of ______.

A

Elongation

41
Q

True or false: The most effective drugs that treat infections caused by flukes, tapeworms, and roundworms eradicate the adult stages of the organisms.

A

False

42
Q

True or false: Antiviral drugs prevent penetration into a host cell, block transcription and translation, and prevent maturation of viral particles.

A

True

43
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Tamiflu?

A

It prevents host cells from producing active viruses.

44
Q

Drugs that are effective against fungi have a strong possibility of being toxic to humans because:

A

The cells are so similar.

45
Q

Amphotericin B is one of the few drugs that can be injected to treat ______ fungal infections such as cryptococcus meningitis.

A

Systemic

45
Q

Which of the following are nucleotide analogs that block DNA replication in some viruses, particularly the herpes simplex viruses (HHV)?

A

Penicyclovir

Acyclovir

Valcyclovir

Famciclovir

46
Q

Reverse transcriptase is a retroviral enzyme that does which of the following?

A

Converts RNA to DNA

47
Q

The most effective drugs used to treat infections caused by flukes, tapeworms, and roundworms inhibit ______ at all stages of the life cycle rather than eradicating the adult worms.

A

Metabolism

48
Q

Any RNA virus that can convert its own RNA into double-stranded DNA is called a(n)______.

A

Retrovirus

49
Q

Identify the three major modes of action of antiviral drugs.

A

Blocking virus transcription and translation

Barring virus penetration into host cell

Preventing virus maturation

50
Q

Interferon is produced primarily by ______ and ______ in response to various immune stimuli.

A

Fibroblasts; leukocytes

51
Q

Which anti-influenza medication blocks the initiation of viral RNA synthesis?

A

Xofluza

52
Q

What type of molecule is acyclovir?

A

Nucleotide analog

53
Q

A viral enzyme that converts single-stranded RNA into double-stranded DNA is called ______ ______.

A

Reverse; transcriptase

54
Q

Which three diseases are caused by infection with a coronavirus?

A

Common cold

Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

55
Q

What type of RNA virus can use its RNA as a template to produce DNA?

A

Retrovirus

56
Q

Effective treatments for patients with COVID-19 include:

A

Monoclonal antibodies from patients who recovered from the infection.

Steroid treatments to reduce inflammation.

The protease inhibitor Paxlovid.

57
Q

Which of the following is a normal human glycoprotein produced in response to immune stimuli and can be used therapeutically to fight viruses and cancer?

A

Interferon

58
Q

The tolerance of an antimicrobial agent at a level which would normally be inhibitory is called which of the following?

A

Drug resistance

59
Q

Drug resistance occurs with spontaneous ______ or gene transfer from another species.

A

Mutations

60
Q

Which coronavirus is associated with a global pandemic?

A

SARS-CoV-2

61
Q

A drug approved for treatment of severe COVID-19 is remdesivir, which is a nucleoside ______ interfering with viral nucleic acid synthesis.

A

Analog

62
Q

Microbes can inactivate drugs by producing which of the following that change the structure of the drug to a nontoxic form?

A

Enzymes

63
Q

Which “formation” is produced by some microbes which in turn makes them resistant to some antimicrobial compounds and the shear force of moving liquids?

A

Biofilm

64
Q

The outer membrane of some Gram-______ bacteria acts as a natural barrier to some drugs.

A

Negative

65
Q

True or false: Natural selection for drug-resistant forms of bacteria is rare.

A

False

66
Q

True or false: Drug resistance only arises from an organism gaining the genetic information for the resistance from another organism.

A

False

67
Q

What is not a side effect associated with antimicrobial drugs?

A

Host cell metabolism of drug

68
Q

True or false: Most tissues are susceptible to the adverse effects caused by the use of antimicrobial therapy.

A

True

69
Q

Which of the following is a hypersensitive response to a particular substance by the immune system?

A

Allergy

70
Q

Approximately what percent of infections involve biofilms?

A

60%

71
Q

Use of which type of antibiotic can have far reaching effects on beneficial resident species?

A

Broad-spectrum

72
Q

Which term describes the process of some microbes dying while others live in the presence of antimicrobial agents?

A

Natural selection

73
Q

Nephrotoxic drugs are toxic to which of the following?

A

Kidneys

74
Q

An allergy is caused by a hypersensitive response from which system?

A

Immune

75
Q

When antimicrobial therapy destroys beneficial resident microbes and allows an overgrowth of drug-resistant microorganisms, it is called which of the following?

A

Superinfection

Microbiology (8 decks)

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