Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Microbiology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the overall goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy?

A

To destroy the infective agent without harming the patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

True or false: Microorganisms that produce antibiotics in their natural habitat may have a selective advantage over neighboring microbes.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which of the following is an example of drug that blocks bacterial cell wall synthesis and exhibits excellent selective toxicity?

A

Penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A primary site of action of antimicrobial drugs is to interfere with the function of______ required to assemble macromolecules.

A

Enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which of the following is a substance produced by natural metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can inhibit or kill other microorganisms?

A

Antibiotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How can a drug slow or stop the growth of an actively dividing cell?

A

Interfere with DNA

Block key metabolic pathways

Inhibit protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

An antibiotic that is only effective against a limited array of different microbes is called a(n) ______-spectrum antibiotic.

A

Narrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Tetracycline is an example of which type of drug?

A

Broad spectrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The cell walls of most bacteria contain a rigid girdle of which of the following?

A

Peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The property of an antimicrobial agent to be highly toxic against its target microbe while being far less toxic to the cells of the host organism is called ______ toxicity.

A

Selective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which of the following are primary sites for action of antimicrobial drugs in bacteria?

A

Cell wall

Enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The growth of an actively dividing cell may be slowed or stopped by a drug that inhibits ______ synthesis or ______ wall synthesis.

A

Protein; cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Bacitracin is an antibiotic with which spectrum of activity?

A

Narrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which bacteria are the most susceptible to antibiotics that target the cell wall?

A

Young, growing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

An antibiotic that is effective against a wide variety of microbial types is called a(n) ______ spectrum antibiotic.

A

Broad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The antiviral drug Remdesivir is an analog of the purine known as ______.

A

Adenine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which type of inhibition of an enzyme occurs when the enzyme is blocked from action after a substance that mimics the normal substrate binds to the active site?

A

Competitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which of the following structures in bacteria protect the cell from lysis (rupture) in hypotonic environments?

A

Cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The parent compound for all “-cillin” drugs is ______.

A

Penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Identify the active part of the penicillin structure.

A

Beta-lactam ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which of the following is the consequence of exposure of a bacterium to an antibiotic that inhibits cell wall synthesis?

A

Cell lysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Penicillins that are naturally produced by bacteria and then chemically modified in the laboratory are ______ penicillins.

A

Semisynthetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Remdesivir stops the virus associated with COVID-19 from replicating by creating dysfunctional ______.

A

RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which of the following semisynthetic penicillins are useful in treating infections caused by penicillinase-producing bacteria?

A

Cloxacillin

Nafcillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Analogs that are structurally similar to the natural substrate and compete with it for the active site on the enzyme, and thus act as competitive inhibitors, are ______ analogs.
Metabolic
24
Which of the following antibiotics contain the beta-lactam ring?
Cephalosporins Penicillins
24
Aztreonam is used to control which of the following conditions?
Septicemia Urinary tract infections Pneumonia
25
Polymyxin B and E are toxic to the body's ______.
Kidneys
26
Which of the following are quinolones?
Ciprofloxacin Norfloxacin
27
Which of the following is a natural fermentation product of Penicillin chrysogenum?
Penicillin
28
Which two semisynthetic penicillins can be used against Gram-negative bacteria?
Amoxicillin Ampicillin
29
Patients who are allergic to ______ are often prescribed Aztreonam.
Penicillin
29
Which of the following enzymes secreted by certain bacteria cleaves the beta-lactam ring of penicillins and provides for resistance against the antibiotic?
Penicillinase Beta-lactamase
30
Which describes the spectrum of activity of the tetracyclines?
Broad
31
Polymyxins are narrow-spectrum peptide antibiotics with a unique ______ ______ component that contributes to their detergent activity.
Fatty; acid
32
The staining of teeth is one side effect of the antibiotic group known as the ______.
Tetracycline
33
The ending -floxacin is used for which category of drugs?
Quinolones
34
Synercid is effective against members of which genera?
Enterococcus Streptococcus Staphylococcus
35
Tetracyclines inhibit which of the following?
Protein synthesis
35
Which of the following semisynthetic penicillins are useful in treating infections caused by penicillinase-producing bacteria?
Nafcillin Cloxacillin
36
Advantages of semisynthetic penicillins over natural penicillins include which of the following?
Increased movement across gram-negative cell walls Increased spectrum
37
True or false: Antifungal drugs may be damaging to human tissues because of the similarities between human and fungal cells.
True
38
What is a major side effect of tetracyclines?
Staining of teeth
39
Amphotericin B is considered highly versatile in that it is effective in treating most infections caused by which of the following?
Fungi
40
Synercid binds to ribosomes inhibiting the process of ______.
Elongation
41
True or false: The most effective drugs that treat infections caused by flukes, tapeworms, and roundworms eradicate the adult stages of the organisms.
False
42
True or false: Antiviral drugs prevent penetration into a host cell, block transcription and translation, and prevent maturation of viral particles.
True
43
What is the mechanism of action of Tamiflu?
It prevents host cells from producing active viruses.
44
Drugs that are effective against fungi have a strong possibility of being toxic to humans because:
The cells are so similar.
45
Amphotericin B is one of the few drugs that can be injected to treat ______ fungal infections such as cryptococcus meningitis.
Systemic
45
Which of the following are nucleotide analogs that block DNA replication in some viruses, particularly the herpes simplex viruses (HHV)?
Penicyclovir Acyclovir Valcyclovir Famciclovir
46
Reverse transcriptase is a retroviral enzyme that does which of the following?
Converts RNA to DNA
47
The most effective drugs used to treat infections caused by flukes, tapeworms, and roundworms inhibit ______ at all stages of the life cycle rather than eradicating the adult worms.
Metabolism
48
Any RNA virus that can convert its own RNA into double-stranded DNA is called a(n)______.
Retrovirus
49
Identify the three major modes of action of antiviral drugs.
Blocking virus transcription and translation Barring virus penetration into host cell Preventing virus maturation
50
Interferon is produced primarily by ______ and ______ in response to various immune stimuli.
Fibroblasts; leukocytes
51
Which anti-influenza medication blocks the initiation of viral RNA synthesis?
Xofluza
52
What type of molecule is acyclovir?
Nucleotide analog
53
A viral enzyme that converts single-stranded RNA into double-stranded DNA is called ______ ______.
Reverse; transcriptase
54
Which three diseases are caused by infection with a coronavirus?
Common cold Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
55
What type of RNA virus can use its RNA as a template to produce DNA?
Retrovirus
56
Effective treatments for patients with COVID-19 include:
Monoclonal antibodies from patients who recovered from the infection. Steroid treatments to reduce inflammation. The protease inhibitor Paxlovid.
57
Which of the following is a normal human glycoprotein produced in response to immune stimuli and can be used therapeutically to fight viruses and cancer?
Interferon
58
The tolerance of an antimicrobial agent at a level which would normally be inhibitory is called which of the following?
Drug resistance
59
Drug resistance occurs with spontaneous ______ or gene transfer from another species.
Mutations
60
Which coronavirus is associated with a global pandemic?
SARS-CoV-2
61
A drug approved for treatment of severe COVID-19 is remdesivir, which is a nucleoside ______ interfering with viral nucleic acid synthesis.
Analog
62
Microbes can inactivate drugs by producing which of the following that change the structure of the drug to a nontoxic form?
Enzymes
63
Which "formation" is produced by some microbes which in turn makes them resistant to some antimicrobial compounds and the shear force of moving liquids?
Biofilm
64
The outer membrane of some Gram-______ bacteria acts as a natural barrier to some drugs.
Negative
65
True or false: Natural selection for drug-resistant forms of bacteria is rare.
False
66
True or false: Drug resistance only arises from an organism gaining the genetic information for the resistance from another organism.
False
67
What is not a side effect associated with antimicrobial drugs?
Host cell metabolism of drug
68
True or false: Most tissues are susceptible to the adverse effects caused by the use of antimicrobial therapy.
True
69
Which of the following is a hypersensitive response to a particular substance by the immune system?
Allergy
70
Approximately what percent of infections involve biofilms?
60%
71
Use of which type of antibiotic can have far reaching effects on beneficial resident species?
Broad-spectrum
72
Which term describes the process of some microbes dying while others live in the presence of antimicrobial agents?
Natural selection
73
Nephrotoxic drugs are toxic to which of the following?
Kidneys
74
An allergy is caused by a hypersensitive response from which system?
Immune
75
When antimicrobial therapy destroys beneficial resident microbes and allows an overgrowth of drug-resistant microorganisms, it is called which of the following?
Superinfection

Microbiology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions