Chapter 4-5 Flashcards
1
Q
What characteristics are shared by all cells?
A
Cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosomes, chromosomes
2
Q
What are some characteristics that are inherent to life?
A
Growth and development, heredity, metabolism
3
Q
Prokaryotic cells evolved on Earth about how many years ago?
A
3.5 billion years
4
Q
Bacterial appendages can be divided into which two functional groups?
A
Provide attachment sites or channels, provide motility
5
Q
Which of the following is considered to be the basic unit of life?
A
Cell
6
Q
The filament of a flagellum is composed of a protein called ______.
A
Flagellin
7
Q
Viruses are not considered living things because they only show signs of life when they are inside a host ______.
A
Cell or organism
8
Q
Which term describes a random arrangement of flagella distributed all over the bacterial cell?
A
Peritrichous
9
Q
The two major types of prokaryotic cells are ______ and ______.
A
Bacteria; archaea
10
Q
Bacterial motility may be detected on a hanging ______ slide.
A
Drop
11
Q
Bacterial appendages that provide attachment sites or channels are called ______ and ______.
A
Fimbriae; pili
12
Q
Which of the following is the movement towards or away from a chemical stimulus?
A
Chemotaxis
13
Q
What are the three distinct parts of a flagellum?
A
Hook, filament, basal body
14
Q
A bacterial cell “swims” in a smooth, linear direction toward a chemical stimulus via the counterclockwise rotation of the ______.
A
Flagellum
15
Q
What term describes any arrangement of flagella where they are either attached at one or both ends of a bacterium?
A
Polar
16
Q
The detection of bacterial motility may be accomplished by identifying rapidly spreading bacterial ______ in a soft, semisolid medium.
A
Growth or expansion
17
Q
The movement of an organism away from a chemical repellent is called ______ chemotaxis.
A
Negative
18
Q
While counterclockwise rotation of a bacterial flagellum causes a(n) ______, the reversal of this rotation causes a(n) ______.
A
Run; tumble
19
Q
Counterclockwise rotation of the flagellum causes a bacterial cell to swim toward a stimulus in an action called a(n) ______.
A
Run
20
Q
Which of the following describes a single, polar flagellum?
A
Monotrichous
20
Q
Which of the following bacteria could exhibit phototaxis?
A
Photosynthetic bacteria
21
Q
Which of the following bacteria use their flagella to invade mucus membranes and cause infections?
A
Vibrio cholerae and Helicobacter pylori
22
Q
What is the name for corkscrew-shaped bacteria?
A
Spirochetes
23
Q
Bacterial flagella can move in ______ directions.
A
2
24
Twisting or flexing of spirochete bacteria is attributed to which of the following?
Axial filaments
25
Which of the following describes the movement towards or away from light?
Phototaxis
26
Bacterial pili are composed of the protein ______.
Pilin
27
Which of the following uses flagella to bore through the stomach lining and causes gastric ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori
27
Elongated, rigid tubes on gram-negative bacteria that are involved in the transfer of DNA from one cell to another are called which of the following?
Sex fimbriae
28
Type IV pili can carry out a type of twitching movement in bacteria of which of the following genera?
Pseudomonas
29
Spiral or corkscrew-shaped bacteria characterized by periplasmic flagella that display a worm-like mode of locomotion are ______.
Spirochetes
30
Which are the two main functions of the glycocalyx?
Protection and adherence
31
Pili are typically used for which of the following?
Conjugation
32
A periplasmic flagellum found in some spirochete bacteria is a(n) ______ filament.
Axial
33
The transfer of DNA between bacterial cells via pili is called ______.
Conjugation
34
Neisseria gonorrhoeae binds to the epithelial cells of the reproductive tract by means of which of the following?
Type IV pili
35
When individual species alter the expression of their genes to cooperate with other cells in a biofilm, it is known as ______ sensing.
Quorum
36
What is the glycocalyx?
A coating that enhances adhesion
37
Twisting or flexing of spirochete bacteria is attributed to which of the following?
Axial filaments
37
The cell envelope is composed of the cell ______ and the cell ______.
Wall; membrane
38
What is found in the external covering of gram-positive cells, but not in gram-negative cells?
Single cell membrane
38
Which of the following helps to determine the shape of a bacterium as well as providing strong structural support for the bacterium?
Cell wall
39
Elongated, rigid tubes on gram-negative bacteria that are involved in the transfer of DNA from one cell to another are called which of the following?
Conjugation pili
39
The cell wall in bacteria is primarily composed of ______.
Peptidoglycan
40
Which term describes the process of a cell breaking open or rupturing?
Lysis
40
Identify the two main components of the cell envelope in most bacteria.
Cell wall and cell membrane
41
The cell envelope of gram-______ bacteria is composed of an outer membrane, cell wall, and a cell membrane.
Negative
41
True or false: Quorum sensing occurs when bacteria in a biofilm alter the genes they express.
True
42
What makes up the homogeneous sheath of the Gram-positive cell wall?
Peptidoglycan
43
Identify the area between the cell wall and cell membrane in gram-positive bacteria.
Periplasmic space
43
Peptidoglycan in the cell ______ provides the structural support necessary to protect bacteria from lysis due to internal pressure.
Wall
44
Peptidoglycan is a component of the cell wall of which of the following organisms?
Bacteria
45
Lipopolysaccharides are a component of the outer membrane of which of the following cell types?
Gram-negative cells
46
When individual species alter the expression of their genes to cooperate with other cells in a biofilm, it is known as ______ sensing.
Quorum
47
Endotoxin is toxic to which of the following cells?
Human and other mammalian cells
48
Which of the following antibiotics affect the integrity of the cell wall of bacteria, thereby making them susceptible to lysis?
Cephalosporin and Penicillin
49
The gram-negative wall is a ______ sheet of peptidoglycan.
Thin
50
Peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, and lipoteichoic acid are found in the Gram-______ cell wall.
Positive
50
The outer membrane of a gram-negative cell contains which of the following?
Lipopolysaccharide and Lipoprotein
50
True or false: Some bacteria do not have cell walls.
True
50
Identify the two important diseases caused by mycobacteria.
Tuberculosis and Leprosy
50
A space that is located between the cell wall and cell membrane in gram-positive bacteria that is a site for the temporary storage of enzymes is the ______ space.
Periplasmic
50
Which bacteria have no cell wall, but have a cytoplasmic membrane that is stabilized by sterols?
Mycoplasma
51
Bacteria with atypical cell walls may stain positive or negative in the ______ stain.
Gram
51
The lipid portion of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) found in gram-negative cell walls is classified as a(n) ______.
Endotoxin
51
True or false: Gram-negative bacteria are generally more difficult to inhibit or kill than gram-positive bacteria.
True
51
The bottom layer of a gram-negative wall is made of:
Peptidoglycan
51
A stain that is useful in the diagnosis of tuberculosis and leprosy is the ______-______ stain.
Acid fast
52
Gram-negative infections are often treated with different drugs than gram-positive infections because the drugs must cross the ______ membrane of gram-negative cells.
Outer
53
Which of the following acts as a selective barrier between the internal contents and external environment of the cell?
Cell membrane
54
Mycoplasmas may have multiple shapes and sizes among cells of the same species, which is known as ______.
Pleomorphism
54
Which is the major component of cytoplasm?
Water
55
What is the difference between a true nucleus and a nucleoid?
A true nucleus is surrounded by a membrane whereas a nucleoid is not.
55
How many chromosomes do most bacteria contain?
One
56
Which of the following are functions of the bacterial cell membrane?
Provide a site for nutrient processing and synthesis
Provide a site for energy reactions
A barrier between the internal contents and external environment of the cell
57
The cell membrane surrounds a complex solution of organic materials and salts that is referred to as ______.
Cytoplasm
58
Which of the following are small, circular pieces of DNA that exist independently within bacterial cytoplasm?
Plasmids
59
The hereditary material of most bacteria exists in the form of a single, ______, double-stranded molecule of DNA.
Circle
60
In prokaryotes, the chromosomal DNA is aggregated in a central area called the ______.
Nucleoid
61
Bacterial microcompartments are in the form of ______ that enclose one or more enzymes.
Large protein polyhedrons
62
Gram-negative infections are often treated with different drugs than gram-positive infections because the drugs must cross the ______ membrane of gram-negative cells.
Outer
63
Which of the following is formed during bacterial sporulation?
Endospore
64
The small, circular pieces of DNA found in many bacterial cells, which can carry genes for antibiotic resistance or toxin production, are called ______.
Plasmids
64
Which of the following acts as a selective barrier between the internal contents and external environment of the cell?
Cell membrane
65
Which of the following is the major factor that stimulates endospore formation?
Depletion of nutrients
65
Common bacterial microcompartments composed of a protein shell enclose ______.
Functioning enzymes
66
The heat resistance of bacterial endospores has been linked to high concentrations of which of the following?
Calcium dipicolinate
66
Which is the dormant survival state in endospore-forming bacteria?
Endospore
66
Which of the following are small, circular pieces of DNA that exist independently within bacterial cytoplasm?
Plasmids
66
What is a spherically-shaped bacterial cell termed?
Coccus
67
Which of the following are medically relevant endospore-producing genera?
Bacillus and Clostridium
67
The depletion of nutrients, especially amino acids, is a stimulus for ______ in bacteria.
Sporulation
67
Changes in the gene encoding the 16S ribosomal RNA occur:
Very slowly
67
In endospores, the removal of water, and the subsequent strong dehydration of the endospore, is facilitated by the compound ______ ______.
Calcium dipicolinate
67
Depend on sulfur for growth, inhabit hot and acidic sulfur pools and vents
Crenarchaeota
68
Extremely small, found in salt mines and caves
Nanoarchaeota
69
Include methanogens
Euryarchaeota
70
Which is the active, growing state of endospore-forming bacteria?
Vegetative
71
True or false: Two genera of pathogenic bacteria that form endospores are Clostridium and Bacillus.
True
72
What are the three most common shapes of bacterial cells?
Spirillum, Bacillus, Coccus
73
Scientists compare the DNA sequence of the 16S rRNA gene to distinguish between different ______.
Bacteria
73
Which term describes bacteria that do not use oxygen in their metabolism?
Anaerobic
74
The nutrition of many bacteria is Blank______, meaning that they feed primarily off nutrients from other organisms.
Heterotrophic
75
Streptomycetes
Phylum Actinomycetota
75
Parasitic rickettsias and Neisseria
Phylum Pseudomonadota
76
Bacillus and Clostridium
Phylum Bacillota
76
Green sulfur bacteria
Phylum Chlorobi
76
The photosynthetic organisms that were responsible for converting the atmosphere from anaerobic to aerobic, were the ______.
Cyanobacteria
77
The metabolically active and growing phase of endospore forming bacteria is called the ______ , ______ .
Vegetative cell
78
Vesicles in cyanobacteria that keep the cells suspended in the water column to facilitate photosynthesis contain ______.
Gas
79
Where do obligate intracellular parasites live?
Inside a host cell
80
Aerobic bacteria are termed aerobic because they use ______ in their metabolism.
Oxygen
81
Bacteria that use the energy of sunlight to synthesize all of their required nutrients are called which of the following?
Photosynthetic
81
The ribosomal subunit structures in archaea are similar to which of the following?
Eukaryotic cells
82
Cyanobacteria have made contributions to eukaryotic evolution that include the chloroplasts of ______ and ______.
Algae and plants
83
Chlorophyll b and the bluish pigment ______ are the primary photosynthetic pigments of cyanobacteria and are located in the ______.
Phycocyanin; thylakoids
84
A parasite that requires a host cell in order to survive is a(n)______ intracellular parasite.
Obligate
85
Identify the structure that is absent in bacteria and archaea.
Nucleus
86
Which of the following are the extensive internal membranes that function in photosynthesis in cyanobacteria?
Thylakoids
87
In eukaryotic cells, membrane-bound compartments that perform specific functions are called ______.
Organelles
88
Which of the following structures are found in some, but not all, eukaryotic microbial cells?
Locomotor appendages
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
89
Protozoa, algae, and some fungal and animal cells have long, whip-like ______ for motility, while shorter hair-like ______ are found only in protozoa and animal cells.
Flagella; cilia
90
Which of the following are functions of the eukaryotic glycocalyx?
Adherence to environmental surfaces
Communication
Protection against environmental changes
91
The rigid polysaccharide-containing structure that provides support and shape to fungal cells is the cell ______.
Wall
92
Organelles are ______ found in ______.
Membrane-bound components; eukaryotic cells
93
Which of the following types of cells has a nucleus?
Eukaryotic cell
94
Cilia could be present on which of the following microbes?
Protozoa
94
All eukaryotic microbial cells have which of the following structures?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria
Nucleus
95
Which of the following is the most external structure of eukaryotic microbial cells?
Glycocalyx
96
Fungal cell walls have a thick layer of polysaccharide fibers composed of ______ or ______ and a thin outer layer of mixed polysaccharides.
Chitin; cellulose
97
Which organelle is the site of protein modification, protein storage, and protein packaging for final transport?
Golgi apparatus
97
Which of the following describes the nucleus?
Location for RNA synthesis
97
The two types of endoplasmic reticulum are the ______ endoplasmic reticulum and the ______ endoplasmic reticulum.
Rough; smooth
98
The key difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is the presence or absence of a(n) ______ and other membrane-bound organelles.
Nucleus
99
In eukaryotes, the enzymes and electron carriers of aerobic respiration are found on the ______.
Cristae membranes of the mitochondrion
100
Which organelle is composed of an interconnected network of membranous hollow sacs functioning in synthesis and transport of cellular substances?
Endoplasmic reticulum
101
Which eukaryotes have cells containing chloroplasts?
Algae
Plants
102
The organelle that receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is part of the secretion system to the cell surface is the ______ ______.
Golgi apparatus
102
In eukaryotes, ribosomes are scattered freely in the ______ or bound to the surface of the ______ endoplasmic reticulum.
Cytoplasm; rough
103
All eukaryotic microbial cells have which of the following structures?
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
104
To produce a protein that will enter the cell's transport system, RNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores and is translated by a(n) ______ on the endoplasmic reticulum.
Ribosome
105
The organelle that is responsible for the vast majority of ATP generated by eukaryotic cells is the ______.
Mitochondria
106
Which are functions of actin filaments?
Cell contraction
Pinching during cell division
Formation of cellular extensions
106
The chloroplasts found in algae and plant cells convert the energy of sunlight into ______ energy through the process of photosynthesis.
Chemical
107
In which type of microbe are ribosomes found?
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
108
In which type of microbe are nucleoids found?
Prokaryotic cells only
108
In which type of microbe are nucleic acids found?
Viruses, prokaryotic cells, and eukaryotic cells
109
Which organelle is the site of protein modification, protein storage, and protein packaging for final transport?
Golgi apparatus
109
In which type of microbe are membrane-bound nuclei found?
Eukaryotic cells only
110
Currently, the taxonomic hierarchy divides organisms in Eukarya into five ______.
Supergroups
111
Within a eukaryotic cell, 80S ribosomes can be found ______.
In the cytoplasm
Attached to the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
112
In fungi, hyphae are:
Threadlike filaments that compose most of the body.
113
Long, thin protein strands about 8 nm in diameter, that are involved in cellular contraction, pinching during cell division, and formation of cellular extensions, are called ______ filaments.
Actin
114
To obtain nutrients, a fungus penetrates the substrate on which it is growing, and secretes ______ that reduce it to small molecules that can be absorbed.
Enzymes
115
______ can be found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells but ______ are only found in eukaryotic cells.
Flagella; cilia
116
Which of the following is the term for a network of tubular cells which cluster together to form the visible growth of fungi?
Mycelium
117
The current hierarchy divides the Eukarya into five supergroups, a taxonomic level between ______ and ______.
Domain; kingdom
118
Long, threadlike cells that make up the bodies of filamentous fungi, or molds, are called ______.
Hyphae
119
What is produced in the primary reproductive method of fungi?
Spores
120
When environmental conditions worsen, which of the following are commonly produced by fungi?
Spores
121
The digestive enzymes of fungi ______.
Are secreted outside the cell to break down materials in the surrounding substrate
122
When yeast are grown on agar, which terms best describe the appearance of the colonies?
Uniform
Soft
123
Which of the following fungal spores are formed by successive cleavages of a saclike head and are themselves enclosed in a sac until rupture occurs?
Sporangiospores
124
In what way do bacterial spores differ from fungal spores?
Bacterial spores are non-reproductive.
124
Which are the roles of fungal spores?
Genetic variability
Dissemination
Survival
Reproduction
125
Describe the hyphae of Ascomycota.
Hyphae with porous septa
125
Identify the three most common sexual spores which provide a basis for classifying the major divisions of fungi.
Zygospores
Basidiospores
Ascospores
125
Describe the hyphae of Zygomycota.
Usually nonseptate hyphae
125
Which of the following media are commonly used to cultivate fungi?
Cornmeal agar
Blood agar
Sabouraud's agar
125
Describe the hyphae of Basidiomycota.
Incompletely septate hyphae
126
Which type of microscopic fungi have colonies that resemble those of bacteria?
Yeast
126
Describe the hyphae of Chytridiomycota.
Do not form hyphae
127
Identify the type of asexual free fungal spores that are formed by pinching off or by segmentation of hyphae.
Conidiospores
128
Fungi can act as primary as well as opportunistic pathogens.
True
129
Which of the following is false regarding the majority of protists?
They have well-developed tissues and organ systems.
130
To which fungal phylum does Saccharomyces (yeast) belong?
Ascomycota
131
To which fungal phylum does Rhizopus (mold) belong?
Zygomycota
132
To which fungal phylum does Mushroom belong?
Basidiomycota
133
To which fungal phylum does Frog pathogen with flagellated spores belong?
Chytridimycota
134
What type of spores are used in the laboratory to identify fungi?
Asexual spores
135
Which of the following are examples of algae?
Seaweed
Kelp
Diatoms
136
Which describes most protozoa?
Non-pathogenic
136
Aspergillus flavus produces the poison ______ which has been linked to liver cancer.
Aflatoxin
137
Algae are found in which of the following habitats?
Both fresh and marine waters
138
Which is the most noticeable organelle in algae?
Chloroplast
139
Which of the following are true about algae?
They are eukaryotes.
They can be unicellular or colonial.
140
Most protozoa lack the ability to carry on which of the following processes?
Photosynthesis
141
Which of the following is a major ecological benefit of algae?
Oxygen production
142
Which structure is not found in protozoa?
Cell wall
143
True or false: Most protozoa are free-living inhabitants of water and soil.
True
144
Which of the following organisms are found in the Kingdom Protista?
Protozoa
Algae
145
Protozoa typically obtain food through which of the two following methods?
Absorbing food directly through the cell membrane
Collecting food in a specialized structure called the oral groove
146
Which describes algae?
Microscopic or macroscopic
147
Which organelle is not found in most protozoa?
Chloroplast
148
True or false: Certain protozoa have adaptations that allow them to live in areas of extreme pH and temperature.
True
149
The hard shells of the foraminiferans are composed of which of the following compounds?
Calcium carbonate
150
Protozoans typically use one of three modes of motility: "false feet" called ______, long hairlike structures called ______, or shorter hairlike structures called ______.
Pseudopods; flagella, cilia
151
What is the function of the oral groove in some protozoa?
Feeding structure
152
In some ciliates, cilia fuse together to form stiff props. When this occurs the cilia function in which way?
Primitive rows of walking legs
153
Which environmental condition favors the formation of a trophozoite form in protozoa?
High moisture
154
The main limiting factor for protozoa in a habitat is which of the following?
Availability of moisture
155
Asexual reproduction in protozoa involves which of the following?
Mitosis
156
Pseudopods are important structures for locomotion and which other protozoan function?
Feeding
157
Which is not a method used in the identification of protozoa from clinical samples?
Ecological niche
157
What genus causes malaria?
Plasmodium
157
Which of the following structures have genes that function in feeding and waste removal in ciliates?
Macronuclei
157
When cilia line the oral groove of a protozoan they function in which of the following?
Feeding
158
Which of the following describes the majority of ciliates?
Harmless
Free-living
158
Which of the following forms of protozoa resist harsh environments such as heat, drying, and chemicals?
Cyst
159
Which of the following carries out a type of sexual reproduction called conjugation?
Ciliates
160
Which of the following is a human parasite that is a ciliated protozoan?
Balantidium coli
160
Giardia belongs to which group within the Supergroup Excavata?
Diplomonads
161
The micronuclei are exchanged between ciliates during the process of ______.
Conjugation
161
Identify the characteristics used in the identification of protozoa from clinical samples.
Presence of flagella/cilia
Number of nuclei
Mode of reproduction
Size and shape of the cell
162
Plasmodium is a member of which group of protozoa?
Apicomplexa
163
Which of the following is true for Giardia intestinalis?
Most of its energy is produced anaerobically.
It has highly reduced mitochondria.
It can cause an intestinal infection.
163
In which group of protozoa is Trichomonas classified?
Parabasalids
164
The life cycle of Plasmodium (causative agent of malaria) alternates between humans and which vector?
Mosquito
165
Most euglenids are mixotrophs that may act ______ or ______.
Photosynthetically; heterotrophically
166
The term helminth comes from the Greek word meaning "worm". There are three types of helminths: ______, ______, and ______.
Tapeworms; flukes; roundworms
167
Which of the following is the infective form of Trichomonas vaginalis?
Trophozoite
167
Identify the characteristics of helminths.
Multicellular adult form
Eukaryotic
Unicellular egg forms
168
The three life stages of a helminth include which of the following?
Fertilized egg
Larval stage
Adult
169
Since euglenids can carry out photosynthesis when light is available, but behave as heterotrophs in light's absence, they are categorized as ______.
Mixotrophs
169
The helminth Enterobius vermicularis causes which disease?
Pinworm infection
170
Which of the following are commonly used to help identify helminths?
Shape of body
Eggs
Size of body
Hooks
171
Which are helminths?
Roundworms
Tapeworms
Flukes
172
Which of the following populations is most susceptible to helminth infections?
Malnourished children
173
Which of the following eukaryotes are multicellular animals?
Helminths
174
For a helminth parasite's continued survival as a species, it must complete the lifecycle by transmitting an infective form, usually a(n) ______ or a(n) ______, to the body of another host.
Egg; larva
175
Which type of helminth is Enterobius vermicularis?
Roundworm
176
What is the most common equipment used to identify helminths?
Microscope
177
What two factors are changing the patterns of worm infections worldwide?
Air travel
Human migration
178
True or false: Helminths range in size from less than 1 mm to 25 m.
True
