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Microbiology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A man succumbed to vibriosis due to a combination of swimming in the ocean before a tattoo was completely healed and an underlying condition of liver disease. In this case the tattoo was a Blank______ for the Vibrio vulnificus bacterium causing the infection.

A

Portal of entry

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2
Q

The acquisition of chemical substances by organisms for use as in cellular metabolism, growth, energy, and other functions is

A

Nutrition

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3
Q

Which is the best term for any chemical substance that must be provided to a cell for normal metabolism and growth?

A

Nutrient

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4
Q

All living things have an absolute need for carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which are known as ______.

A

Bioelements

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5
Q

An essential nutrient is any element or compound that an organism:

A

Must get from a source outside its cells.

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6
Q

Incomplete healing of a tattoo led to a case of vibriosis because the tattoo site was a ______ of ______ for the Vibrio vulnificus bacterium.

A

Portal; entry

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7
Q

Which term describes chemical substances such as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that are required in large quantities by cells?

A

Macronutrient

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8
Q

The uptake and use of chemical compounds by microbes for energy and other processes is ______.

A

Nutrition

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9
Q

Any chemical substance required in small quantities, such as a trace metal, is termed a(n) ______.

A

Micronutrient, trace element

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10
Q

Essential chemical substances that must be consumed for normal cellular metabolism and growth are ______.

A

Nutrients

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11
Q

Zinc and manganese are required by cells in small amounts, so they are termed trace ______.

A

Elements

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12
Q

Which of the following are bioelements?

A

Phosphorus

Oxygen

Carbon

Hydrogen

Nitrogen

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13
Q

The products of living things that contain a basic framework of carbon and hydrogen are ______ nutrients.

A

Organic

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14
Q

Any element or molecule that must be provided to an organism is called a(n) ______ nutrient.

A

Essential

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15
Q

Chemical substances that are required in large quantities by cells, such as sugars or amino acids, are called ______.

A

Macronutrients, macromolecules

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16
Q

Which element is represented by N in SPONCH?

A

Nitrogen

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17
Q

What term describes any chemical substance required in small quantities, such as a trace metal?

A

Micronutrient

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18
Q

Which element is represented by P in SPONCH?

A

Phosphorus

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19
Q

Micronutrients that are required by cells in small amounts are termed ______ elements.

A

Trace

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20
Q

Elements that are stored in organic nutrients in organisms are eventually recycled to inorganic forms, usually via the action of ______.

A

Microorganisms, microbes, bacteria

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21
Q

Molecules that contain a basic framework of carbon and hydrogen and are nearly always produced by living things are called ______ nutrients.

A

Organic

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22
Q

The letter N in the acronym SPONCH represents the element ______.

A

Nitrogen

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23
Q

Which element is a component of protozoan shells, acts as a cell wall stabilizer, and adds resistance to bacterial endospores?

A

Calcium

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24
Q

An organism that uses the sun’s light to provide the chemical energy to produce sugar for cellular respiration is a(n) ______.

A

Photoautotroph

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25
Q

In the acronym SPONCH, the element ______ is represented by the letter P.

A

Phosphorus

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26
Q

A photosynthetic microbe that uses the energy of light rays to convert carbon dioxide into simple organic compounds is specifically referred to as a(n) ______.

A

Photoautotroph

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27
Q

Elements that make up nutrients cycle from a(n) ______ form such as carbon dioxide in an environmental reservoir to a(n) ______ form such as glucose in organisms.

A

Inorganic; organic

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27
Q

The products of living things that contain a basic framework of carbon and hydrogen are ______ nutrients.

A

Organic

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28
Q

Respiratory protein structure

A

Iron

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29
Q

Ions involved in transfers of cellular energy

A

Hydrogen

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30
Q

Key component of DNA, RNA, and ATP

A

Phosphorus

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31
Q

A central atom in chlorophyll molecules

A

Magnesium

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32
Q

Major participant in membrane actions and maintains cellular osmotic pressure

A

Sodium

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33
Q

Chlorophyll is the primary pigment in ______ photosynthesis.

A

Oxygenic

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34
Q

Which of the following receives their energy from the sun’s light to generate a sugar source for cellular respiration?

A

Phototrophs

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35
Q

When a photosynthetic microorganism does not produce oxygen as a result, the process is referred to as ______ photosynthesis.

A

Anoxygenic

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36
Q

An autotrophic organism that utilizes light for energy and carbon dioxide primarily as a carbon source is specifically termed a(n) ______.

A

Photoautotroph

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37
Q

Photosynthesis that results in the production of oxygen is referred to as ______ photosynthesis.

A

Oxygenic

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37
Q

The complete breakdown of glucose to yield carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP is ______.

A

Aerobic respiration

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38
Q

Organisms that derive their organic nutrients from the bodies of living organisms are ______.

A

Symbionts

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39
Q

What are nonpathogenic microbes that cause disease in a compromised host called?

A

Opportunistic

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40
Q

Photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen is known as ______ photosynthesis.

A

Anoxygenic

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41
Q

The principal energy-yielding pathway that involves the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen is called ______ ______.

A

Aerobic; respiration

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41
Q

Which of the following cell structures is specialized for transport of materials into and out of the cell?

A

Cell membrane

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42
Q

The speed and continuous movement of atoms and molecules is largely controlled by:

A

Temperature

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43
Q

What term is used to describe organisms that decompose organic remains from dead organisms as an energy source?

A

Saprobe

44
Q

When a normally nonpathogenic saprobe causes infection in a compromised host, it is referred to as a(n) ______ pathogen.

A

Opportunistic

44
Q

Which term is used exclusively to describe water’s movement across a selectively permeable membrane?

A

Osmosis

44
Q

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is the same on both sides of a membrane is ______.

A

Isotonic

44
Q

A specialized structure that is used to transport substances into and out of the cell is the cell ______.

A

Membrane

45
Q

True or false: All atoms and molecules are in a constant state of movement that increases with temperature increases.

A

True

45
Q

Membranes that only allow certain compounds into or out of the cell are called ______.

A

Selective

46
Q

In a hypotonic solution, because the cell wall prevents them from bursting, organisms with cell walls become ______.

A

Turgid

47
Q

Diffusion of most substances into and out of the cell is controlled by the cell ______.

A

Membrane

47
Q

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in the direction of the side with less water is ______.

A

Osmosis

48
Q

Specific membrane proteins that bind to ATP and a molecule to be transported across a cell membrane are required in ______-______ ______.

A

Carrier; mediated; active

49
Q

A membrane that can allow specific compounds into the cell and/or out of the cell is ______.

A

Selectively

50
Q

Which of the following would describe a solution which is well balanced for a cell?

A

Isotonic

50
Q

A complex adjustment in biochemistry or genetics that enables long-term survival and growth is a(n) _______.

A

Adaptation

51
Q

What term is generally used to describe the movement of solutions into the cell?

A

Pinocytosis

52
Q

A cell that has become swollen due to the influx of water is referred to as ______.

A

Turgid

53
Q

What term is used to describe the “best” temperature to support a microbe’s growth?

A

Optimal temperature

54
Q

ATP is required to transport specific sugars, amino acids, and vitamins into the cell in ______ active transport.

A

Carrier-mediated

55
Q

Which term describes a microorganism that thrives and divides under refrigeration conditions?

A

Psychrophile

56
Q

When the biochemistry or genetics of microbes is adjusted so survival in their environment is enhanced, it is known as ______.

A

Adaptation

56
Q

Bacteria that can grow in the cold and are able to cause food-borne illness, but are not true psychrophiles, are called ______.

A

Facultative psychrophiles

Psychrotrophs

57
Q

The type of endocytosis that involves movement of liquids such as oils and other compounds dissolved in solution into the cell is called ______.

A

Pinocytosis

58
Q

Choose the temperature range of most mesophilic microorganisms.

A

20°C-40°C

59
Q

Microorganisms that are normally mesophiles, but can handle short exposures to high temperatures are called ______ microbes.

A

Thermoduric

60
Q

The two atmospheric gases that have the greatest impact on microbial growth are ______ and ______.

A

Oxygen; carbon dioxide

60
Q

The temperature at which cells show the most rapid growth rate is known as the cell’s ______ temperature.

A

Optimal

61
Q

In which environment would you most likely observe growth of psychrophilic microorganisms?

A

Frozen food

62
Q

What word is used to describe organisms which can use oxygen in their cellular respiration pathways?

A

Aerobic

63
Q

Microbes that can grow slowly in cold temperatures, but have optimum temperatures above 20°C, are called ______.

A

Psychrotrophs

64
Q

Many medically important bacteria have an optimal temperature close to the normal human body temperature of ______° Celsius.

A

37

65
Q

A microorganism that requires oxygen for survival is a(n) ______ aerobe.

A

Obligate

66
Q

Facultative anaerobes include gram-______ intestinal bacteria and staphylococci.

A

Negative

66
Q

Which type of microbes are a common contaminant of pasteurized or heated foods?

A

Thermoduric microbes

67
Q

The atmospheric gases that most influence microbial growth are:

A

Carbon dioxide.

Oxygen.

68
Q

A strict or ______ anaerobic microorganism requires the absence of oxygen for survival.

A

Obligate

68
Q

What word is used to describe organisms which do NOT use oxygen in their cellular respiration pathways?

A

Anaerobic

68
Q

A microorganism that can use oxygen in metabolism and process toxic oxygen products is a(n) ______.

A

Aerobe

69
Q

Bacteria that can grow in the cold and are able to cause food-borne illness, but are not true psychrophiles, are called ______.

A

Facultative psychrophiles

Psychrotrophs

70
Q

Which term refers to microbes that do not use oxygen gas, but are not affected by its presence?

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

70
Q

What word describes a microbe that must have oxygen to survive?

A

Obligate aerobe

71
Q

A microbe that requires carbon dioxide levels higher than those present in the normal atmosphere is called a(n) ______.

A

Capnophile

72
Q

A microorganism that is capable of growing in aerobic and anaerobic conditions is a(n) ______ anaerobe.

A

Facultative

73
Q

Any microorganism that grows best in the absence of oxygen is a(n) ______.

A

Anaerobe

73
Q

Organisms that thrive in environments with a pH close to 7 are called ______.

A

Neutrophiles

74
Q

Which term describes a microbe that grows in a habitat with a high solute concentration?

A

Osmophile

75
Q

An organism that does not use oxygen gas, but can survive and grow in its presence is referred to as a(n) ______ ______.

A

Aerotolerant; anaerobe

76
Q

What term is used to describe organisms that exist at deep ocean depths?

A

Barophiles

77
Q

An organism that prefers carbon dioxide levels higher than those present in the normal atmosphere is a(n) ______.

A

Capnophile2

78
Q

Bacteria reproduce by ______ fission.

A

Binary, transverse

79
Q

What term is used to describe organisms that exist in environments near the pH of 7?

A

Neutrophiles

80
Q

Which term describes the length of time that a microbial species needs to divide?

A

Generation time

81
Q

What term is used to describe a graphical representation of a change in population size over time?

A

Growth curve

82
Q

A microorganism that thrives in any hypertonic medium is a(n) ______.

A

Osmophile

83
Q

A term used to describe one to a few bacteria that give raise to an entire colony is a(n) ______ ______ unit.

A

Colony; forming

84
Q

Organisms which thrive in the pressure of deep ocean depths are ______.

A

Barophiles

85
Q

Which of the following characterizes the lag phase of a normal bacterial growth curve?

A

Little increase in cell numbers

86
Q

What is true regarding binary fission?

A

Daughter cells are identical to each other.

It is a type of asexual reproduction.

Binary fission occurs only once in the life of a single cell.

87
Q

In binary fission, the doubling time of a particular microbial species is also known as its ______ time.

A

Generation

88
Q

In which phase of bacterial growth are far more cells dividing than dying?

A

Exponential

89
Q

A graphical representation of the change in population size over time is a ______ curve.

A

Growth

90
Q

During which phase of growth does the number of new cells balance the number of declining cells?

A

Stationary phase

91
Q

What common term describes the bacterium/bacteria in an original sample that give rise to a colony on a plate?

A

Colony forming unit

92
Q

The phase of the population growth curve that involves very little cell division and an exponential decline in numbers is the ______ phase.

A

Death, decline

93
Q

When a bacterial cell is placed into a new environment and cell division is slow, the ______ phase is occurring.

A

Lag

94
Q

The log phase of a normal growth curve is also referred to as the ______ growth phase.

A

Exponential

95
Q

What term is used to describe the cloudiness of a broth culture?

A

Turbidity

96
Q

Which phase of bacterial growth involves more cells dying than reproducing?

A

Death

97
Q

The term ______ describes the appearance of a cloudy broth culture.

A

Turbidity

98
Q

During which phase of growth does the number of new cells balance the number of declining cells?

A

Stationary phase

Microbiology (8 decks)

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