Chapter 13 Flashcards by Unknown Unknown

The normal resident microbiota are engaged in ______ associations with humans.

Commensal
Mutual

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Ear

Aspergillus

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Which factor does NOT make the human body a favorable environment for many different microbes?

Dryness

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Urinary tract

Corynebacterium

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GI tract

Veillonella

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Microbial colonists are especially abundant where the skin joins mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and external genitalia in ______ zones.

Transitional

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Eye

Neisseria

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The only areas of the GI tract that harbor permanent resident microbes are the ______ cavity, large ______, and ______. All of the other sections of the GI tract only harbor transient microbes.

Oral; intestine; rectum

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The microbes that engage in mutual or commensal associations with humans can be referred to as normal ______ ______.

Resident; microbiota

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What factors make the human body a favorable environment for a wide range of microbes?

Microenvironments

Temperature

Source of nourishment

Moisture

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The first microbes to colonize the upper respiratory tract are ______ streptococci.

Oral

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The human large intestine may be colonized with Entamoeba ______, while the human oral cavity may be colonized by Entamoeba ______.

Coli; gingivalis

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True or False: Lactobacillus is a common bacterial resident of the female vagina.

True

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The layer of the skin is continually sloughed off and replaced is the ______.

Epidermis

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Which of the following microorganisms colonize portions of the respiratory tract?

Neisseria species

Haemophilus

Streptococcus species

Staphylococcus aureus

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A broad concept that describes an organism’s potential to cause infection or disease is ______.

Pathogenicity

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The route a pathogen uses to get into the human host is called the ______ of ______.

Portal; entry

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Which are considered typical residents of the urethra?

Nonhemolytic streptococci

Staphylococcus

Corynebacterium

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Pathogens enter the skin through which means?

Punctures in the skin

Nicks in the skin

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Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae readily attach to the ______ membrane of the eye.

Conjunctiva

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True or False: A portal of entry is the route a pathogen uses to get into the human host.

True

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Gastrointestinal pathogens enter via ______, ______, and other ingested substances.

Food; drink

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The largest number of pathogens enter the body through the ______ tract.

Respiratory

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The portal of entry for pathogens that are transmitted through sexual contact is the ______ tract.

Urogenital

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Which of the following is NOT a means by which pathogens enter the skin?

Diffusion across the stratum corneum

True or False: A disease that is transmitted by sexual or intimate contact is referred to as a nosocomial disease.

False

True or False: The pathogens that cause measles, mumps, and rubella can gain access through the eye.

True

The gastrointestinal tract is the portal of entry for pathogens contained in ______ substances.

Ingested

What is the minimum number of microbes that must enter the body to cause infection?

Infectious dose

Which process describes a more stable foothold gained by microbes at the portal of entry through interaction of their molecules with host cell receptors?

Adhesion

Virulence factors fall into three categories: ______ effects, ______-enzymes, and ______ (which can lead to toxemia).

Antiphagocytic; exo; toxins

The first defense encountered upon by a microbe upon entering the host is a category of white blood cells called ______.

Phagocytes

A disease that is transferred from person to person by sexual or intimate contact is referred to as a(n) ______ ______ infection.

Sexually; transmitted

Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae readily attach to the ______ membrane of the eye.

Conjunctiva

White blood cells that are capable of engulfing pathogens and other particles are generally referred to as ______.

Phagocytes

The infectious dose is the ______ number of microbes required for an infection to proceed.

Minimum

True or False: A substance formed by some pathogens that impairs and sometimes lyses leukocytes is known as a leukocidin.

True

The process by which microbes gain a more stable foothold at the portal of entry through interaction of their molecules with host cell receptors is______.

Adhesion

Extracellular enzymes utilized by microbes to dissolve host's defense barriers and promote the spread to deeper tissues are ______.

Exoenzymes

Which are categories of virulence factors?

Antiphagocytic effects Exoenzymes Toxins

Which of the following exoenzymes is responsible for breaking down the protective coating on mucous membranes?

Mucinase

When a microbe that is not part of the normal biota enters the body, it is likely to first encounter which type of host defense?

Phagocytes

The exoenzyme that digests the main protein component in skin and hair is called ______.

Keratinase

Which of the following exoenzymes is responsible for breaking down the fibers in connective tissue?

Collagenase

Species of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus produce substances that are toxic to white blood cells which are called ______.

Leukocidins

Which of the following exoenzymes is responsible for digesting the "cement" that holds host cells together?

Hyaluronidase

The general term for any extracellular enzyme that may be involved in hydrolysis of nutrient macromolecules or damage to host tissues is a(n) ______.

Exoenzyme

An exoenzyme that causes the clotting of blood or plasma is called ______.

Coagulase

The role of streptokinase and staphylokinase is to:

Dissolve fibrin clots.

A product of an organism that is poisonous to other organisms is a(n) ______.

Toxin

When toxins produced by other organisms cause diseases, those diseases are called ______.

Toxinoses

Toxins that act on the intestine are called ______, while toxins that act on the kidneys are called ______.

Enterotoxins; nephrotoxins

A toxin that is secreted and acts upon a specific cellular target is called a(n) ______.

Exotoxin

True or False: Bacterial kinases dissolve fibrin clots.

True

A bacterial toxin that is part of the gram-negative cell wall and is usually released only when the bacteria has been damaged or destroyed is a(n) ______.

Endotoxin

What is a type of bacterial exotoxin that disrupts the cell membrane of red blood cells?

Hemolysin

The component of the gram-negative outer membrane called endotoxin is also known as ______.

Lipopolysaccaride

Lipopolysaccharide is located in the______ ______ of the cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria.

Outer; membrane

A toxin is named according to its specific:

Target of action.

If it is secreted by a bacterial cell into infected tissues a toxin is called a(n) ______.

Exotoxin

A bacterial toxin that is not ordinarily released until a cell is damaged or lysed is called a(n) ______.

Endotoxin

LPS is found in the outer membrane of gram-______ cells.

Negative

Some microbes can produce an exotoxin called ______ which can induce the lysis of red blood cells.

Hemolysins

The time period from the initial contact with an infectious agent to the appearance of the first symptoms is known as the ______.

Incubation period

Which of the following is the substance referred to as endotoxin?

Lipopolysaccharide

A(n) ______ is an objective assessment of disease, as opposed to a(n) ______, which is the subjective assessment perceived by the patient.

Sign; symptom

The collection of signs and symptoms that when seen together indicate a particular disease is referred to as a(n) ______.

Syndrome

The incubation period is characterized by ______.

Pathogen multiplication

Which of these are signs, but not symptoms?

Abscesses Fever

An infection that occurs when a microbe enters a specific tissue, infects it, and remains confined there, is a(n) ______ infection.

Localized

A protective, nonspecific response to tissue damage is known as ______.

Inflammation

Which of the following are generally more precise?

Signs

Which of the following are considered to be signs of blood infection?

Microbes in blood Leukocytosis Leukopenia

It is common for infections to produce no noticeable symptoms. Infections of this nature are called ______

Asymptomatic/inapparent/subclinical

Which of these are symptoms, but not signs?

Headache Malaise Sore throat

A pathogen is considered unsuccessful if it does not have a specific ______.

Portal of exit

The primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen comes is a(n) ______.

Reservoir

True or False: A microbe may be active in host tissue, even if no overt symptoms of infection manifest themselves.

True

The study of the frequency and distribution of disease and other health-related factors in human populations is called ______.

Epidemiology

When a virus persists inside the host in an inactive state, this is specifically referred to as ______.

Latency/persistence

The specific avenue through which pathogens depart the body is known as the ______ of ______

Portal; exit

Although they are usually very difficult to discover and control and can lead to the spread of pathogens, human ______ are occasionally detected through routine screening.

Carriers

An animal that transmits infectious agents from one host to another is called a(n) ______.

Vector

An animal that not only transports an infectious agent from one host to another but plays a role in the life cycle of the pathogen is a(n) ______ vector.

Biological

In reference to diseases, the natural host or primary habitat of a pathogen is referred to as its ______

Reservoir

A vector that is not necessary to the life cycle of an infectious agent, and merely transports it without being infected, is a(n) ______ vector.

Mechanical

An individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and can spread it to others without knowing is a(n) ______.

Carrier

When the infectious agent can be transmitted from an infected host to a new host, a disease is considered to be ______.

Communicable/contagious/transmissible

A live animal that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another is called a(n) ______.

Vector

True or False: A disease is considered communicable when the infectious agent can be transmitted from an infected host to a new host and establish infection in that host.

True

Transmission of infectious agents from host to host with the involvement of a contaminated inanimate object is called ______ transmission.

Indirect

A term used to describe the direct or indirect transmission of a pathogen through a population is ______ transmission. HINT: This term is the opposite of the term used to describe the transmission of a pathogen from mother to offspring across the placenta.

Horizontal

Some type of contact must occur between the skin or mucous membranes of an infected person and an infectee in order for ______ transmission to occur.

Direct

Which of the following is a term used to describe the "type" of transmission of a pathogen from one person to another, not including those transmitted from mother to fetus?

Horizontal

If an agent is transferred from an infected person to another person without an intermediate object, substance or space, it is said to be ______ transmission.

Contact