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Microbiology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The bacteria responsible for tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax were identified by Robert ______.

A

Koch

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2
Q

Viruses can infect which of the following?

A

Human, bacterial, or plant cells

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3
Q

Viruses are composed of which of the following?

A

DNA or RNA

External coating

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4
Q

Which of the following activities are not characteristics of viruses?

A

Replicate independently

React to environmental factors

Maintain homeostasis

Metabolize food

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5
Q

Which term best describes viruses?

A

Ultramicroscopic

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6
Q

True or false: The cause of polio was identified in the late 1800s.

A

False

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7
Q

Much of the credit for our knowledge of viruses must be given to experiments with viruses that infect ______ and ______.

A

Bacteria; plants

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8
Q

Which of the following describes viruses?

A

Non-living, infectious agent

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9
Q

Which type of microscope is usually used to examine viruses?

A

Electron

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10
Q

Which structure immediately encloses viral nucleic acid?

A

Capsid

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11
Q

Which of the following relate to all viruses?

A

Lack of synthetic machinery

Nucleic acid

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12
Q

The term “naked” used in describing viruses implies which of the following?

A

No envelope

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13
Q

A protein subunit that forms the viral capsid is a(n) ______.

A

Capsomer

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14
Q

Which best describes the shape of a helical virus?

A

Spiral

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15
Q

Identify all of the components of a nucleocapsid.

A

Nucleic acid

Capsid

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16
Q

A virus that does not have a covering surrounding its capsid is a(n) ______ virus.

A

Naked

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17
Q

What term is used to describe the capsid of a virus which has 20 equally spaced panels of capsomers forming a symmetrical structure?

A

Icosahedral

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18
Q

Most enveloped viruses are which of the following?

A

Animal viruses

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19
Q

Capsomers are composed of which macromolecule?

A

Proteins

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19
Q

What is true regarding the viral envelope and the membrane of its host?

A

Spikes may be present on the viral envelope.

Viral glycoproteins are present in the host membrane but not in the viral envelope.

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20
Q

Influenza, measles, and rabies are viruses that have a(n) ______ shaped capsid.

A

Helical

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21
Q

Together the viral capsid and nucleic acid is referred to as the ______.

A

Nucleocapsid

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22
Q

What term is used to describe the viral proteins which protrude from the envelope and aid in attachment to host receptors?

A

Spikes

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23
Q

Many animal viruses will acquire which of the following from the host cell’s membrane?

A

Envelope

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23
Q

Poliovirus and adenovirus have a capsid arranged in a symmetrical polygon structure called a(n) ______.

A

Icosahedron

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24
Q

The viral envelope is compositionally different from the membrane of a non-infected host cell because of the presence of which of the following?

A

Viral proteins

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25
Q

Protruding glycoproteins of a virus that are responsible for binding to a host cell are called peplomers or ______.

A

Spikes

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26
Q

What is the main function of the viral capsid and envelope?

A

Protection

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27
Q

What term is used to describe the capsid of a virus which has 20 equally spaced panels of capsomers forming a symmetrical structure?

A

Icosahedral

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27
Q

Which viruses have capsids that are atypical and more intricate than those of helical or icosahedral viruses?

A

Complex

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28
Q

Which of the following viral groups contains some members that have a complex structure, with polyhedral capsid heads and helical tails?

A

Bacteriophages

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29
Q

A virus could contain a genome of which of the following?

A

RNA only

DNA only

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30
Q

True or false: Icosahedral viruses are also known as complex viruses.

A

False

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31
Q

If the main purpose of the viral capsid and envelope is the protection of viral nucleic acids, what are they protected from?

A

Chemicals

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32
Q

Which of the following is probably the least responsive to the environment?

A

Virus

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33
Q

Single-stranded RNA genomes that have to be converted to the complementary strand of RNA before they can be translated into proteins are found in ______-strand RNA viruses.

A

Negative

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34
Q

Which of the following describes bacteriophages?

A

Helical tail

Complex

Polyhedral capsid head

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35
Q

HIV is described as a(n) ______ because it synthesizes DNA from RNA using reverse transcription.

A

Retrovirus

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36
Q

Why must living cells carry a larger genome than viruses?

A

They must be able to carry out metabolic processes that sustain independent life.

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36
Q

A general concept of all viruses is that they require a host ______ in order to replicate.

A

Cell

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36
Q

Viruses contain either ______ or ______ as their nucleic acid.

A

DNA; RNA

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37
Q

Which preformed enzyme is involved in the synthesis of DNA from RNA in retroviruses, such as HIV?

A

Reverse transcriptase

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38
Q

Viruses with single-stranded RNA genomes that can be directly translated into proteins are called ______-strand RNA viruses.

A

Positive

39
Q

Which viral stage occurs first?

A

Adsorption

40
Q

The influenza virus has an RNA genome that is referred to as ______, because individual genes exist in separate RNA molecules.

A

Segmented

41
Q

If a virus were to infect a host cell but the cell’s enzymes had been denatured, could the virus still replicate?

A

No, because the virus relies on host enzymes and machinery.

42
Q

What term is used to describe when a virus initially “sticks” to the host cell?

A

Adsorption

43
Q

What is common to replicase and reverse transcriptase?

A

They are preformed viral proteins.

44
Q

Which of the following viral structures must recognize host cell structures for adsorption to occur?

A

Spike proteins

45
Q

Which term describes the tissue specificities of animal viruses for certain body cells?

A

Tropisms

46
Q

Identify the two main methods that a virus can use to gain entry into an animal cell.

A

Endocytosis of the virus

Fusion of the viral envelope and the cell membrane

46
Q

The limitations of the type of cell that a virus can invade is defined by the _____ range.

A

Host

47
Q

List the correct order of viral life cycle phases, placing the first phase at the top.

A

Adsorption, penetration/uncoating, synthesis, assembly, release

48
Q

Most viral ______ in enveloped viruses are composed of glycoproteins and are used to attach to cells.

A

Spikes

49
Q

A virus is engulfed into an endosome during the process of ______.

A

Endocytosis

50
Q

Which is most important for attachment of a virus to a host cell?

A

Viral specificity for host receptors

51
Q

The process of _______ occurs when viruses lose their envelope during penetration into a host cell or when the capsid and/or envelope is/are dissolved within a vacuole.

A

Uncoating

52
Q

Which of the following is a term used to describe the different host cells which a virus can infect?

A

Host range

53
Q

Most DNA viruses will assemble within the host cell’s ______.

A

Nucleus

54
Q

Which term describes the process of a virus losing its capsid and exposing viral nucleic acids to the immediate environment?

A

Uncoating

55
Q

The two main processes by which viruses penetrate host cells are engulfment, also known as ______, and direct fusion.

A

Endocytosis

55
Q

Tropisms are tissue specificities of animal viruses for certain body cells, e.g., the hepatitis B virus targets the ______ and the mumps virus targets ______ glands.

A

Liver; salivary

56
Q

Which term is used to describe the process in which a virus is engulfed by a cell in a vacuole or vesicle?

A

Endocytosis

57
Q

Where are most DNA viruses replicated and assembled within the host cell?

A

Nucleus

58
Q

True or false: Most RNA viruses are replicated in the nucleus of the host cell.

A

False

59
Q

To replicate, viruses with negative-strand RNA molecules must synthesize positive-strand RNA using ______ as a template.

A

Negative-strand RNA

60
Q

During the ______ step in the viral multiplication cycle, the genetic material is packaged into capsids to make virions.

A

Assembly/maturation

61
Q

Two ways in which newly assembled viruses are released from host cells are through ______ or exocytosis by enveloped viruses, and through ______ (rupture) by naked viruses.

A

Budding; Lysis

62
Q

Although there are some exceptions, most RNA viruses are replicated in the _____.

A

Cytoplasm

63
Q

What is the source of the necessary enzymes for the replication of RNA viruses?

A

The host cell or the RNA virus

64
Q

Budding of enveloped viruses allows the viruses to be shed ______.

A

Gradually

65
Q

Which is a simple translation of cytopathic?

A

Cell damage

66
Q

Which of the following describes the process of various viral “parts” coming together to produce complete virions?

A

Assembly

67
Q

Using a microscope, you observe some cells which have multiple nuclei because a virus has caused normal cells to fuse together. What is this observation called?

A

Cytopathic effect

67
Q

Naked viruses are released from animal cells by which of the following methods?

A

Lysis

68
Q

Which types of viruses are released by budding?

A

Enveloped viruses

69
Q

Which of the following terms describes viruses in the carrier state within the host cells?

A

Persistent infections

70
Q

What term is used to specifically describe the types of viruses that infect bacteria?

A

Bacteriophage

71
Q

Virus-induced damage to the cell that alters its microscopic appearance is referred to as a(n) ______ effect.

A

Cytopathic

72
Q

In which way do enveloped viruses typically leave their host cell?

A

Budding

73
Q

Which of the following is used to describe the phage DNA that is latently incorporated into the bacterial host genome?

A

Prophage

74
Q

Diagnostically, if cytopathic effects are seen, what does this indicate?

A

Active viral infection

75
Q

The persistence of bacteriophage DNA within a host chromosome is ______.

A

Lysogeny

76
Q

Which type of infection includes cells that escape destruction by harboring the virus in some form?

A

Persistent infection

77
Q

Phages can serve as transporters of bacterial genes from one bacterium to another in a process called ______.

A

Transduction

78
Q

Which of the following tests can detect and amplify minute amounts of viral nucleic acid in a sample?

A

PCR

79
Q

Who discovered bacteriophages in 1915?

A

Twort and d’Herelle

80
Q

A bacteriophage that incorporates itself into the host genome as a lysogenic prophage is a(n) ______ phage.

A

Temperate

81
Q

Lysogeny is best described as which of the following?

A

Integration of the viral genome into the host chromosome

82
Q

It is well known that ______ have no effect on treating viral infections.

A

Antibiotics

83
Q

Genes for toxin production and drug resistance can be transferred between bacteria by bacteriophages during which process?

A

Transduction

84
Q

Why do antiviral drugs often have side effects in host cells?

A

Antiviral drugs block viral replication by targeting host cell functions.

85
Q

Which is the main test done to diagnose an HIV infection?

A

Detection of specific antibodies in a patient’s blood

86
Q

Any virus that specifically infects bacteria is called a(n) ______.

A

Bacteriophage

87
Q

Prions are composed of what molecule?

A

Protein

88
Q

Which of the following is used to describe the phage DNA that is latently incorporated into the bacterial host genome?

A

Prophage

89
Q

Which of the following is associated with Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease?

A

Presence of prions in nervous tissues

Transmission from the handling of autopsy tissues

90
Q

Which of the following is not effective treatment for viral infections?

A

Antibiotics

91
Q

A naked strand of RNA that is only expressed in the presence of hepatitis B virus is called the ______ agent.

A

Delta

92
Q

True or false: It is common for some antiviral drugs to have negative side effects in people because the drugs target host cell metabolic functions.

A

True

93
Q

Which of the following tests can detect and amplify minute amounts of viral nucleic acid in a sample?

A

PCR

94
Q

Which of the following best describes a prion?

A

Proteinaceous infectious agent

95
Q

Which disease is associated with prions?

A

Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD)

96
Q

Which prion-associated spongiform encephalopathy is marked by dementia, impaired senses, and uncontrolled muscle contractions?

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

97
Q

AAV can only replicate in cells infected with ______.

A

Adenovirus

Microbiology (8 decks)

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