Chapter 15 Flashcards by Unknown Unknown

B and T lymphocytes provide protection against specific antigens as part of ______ immunity.

Adaptive

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Different host cell surface receptors can be involved in a wide range of significant roles such as ______.

Promoting recognition of self antigens

Receiving and transmitting chemical messages

Detection of foreign antigens

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What is the set of genes that encodes human cell receptors that play a role in recognition of self by the immune system called?

MHC

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· nC class I proteins allow for the recognition of ______ molecules.

Self

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The theory that before birth, undifferentiated lymphocytes undergo a continuous series of divisions and genetic changes that generate hundreds of millions of different cell types, each carrying a particular receptor specificity, is the ______ selection theory.

Clonal

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Long-term protection against foreign antigens encountered through infection or vaccination is provided by the third line of defense, which is also known as ______ immunity.

Adaptive

Acquired

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During lymphocyte development, there is a huge diversity of possible lymphocytes, each with distinct antigen receptors, due to ______.

Gene rearrangement

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A host cell can express several different surface molecules called ______, each of which has a role in detection, recognition, and cell communication.

Receptors

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Genetically unique lines of cells are called ______

Clones

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A set of genes that codes for human cell receptors that is also known as the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is the ______ ______ ______(MHC).

Major Histocompatibility Complex

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Each genetically distinct lymphocyte has the ability recognize one specific ______

Antigen

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MHC class I molecules on host cells display unique characteristics of self which is important to the process of ______.

Tissue rejection

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A conceptual explanation for the development of lymphocyte specificity and variety during immune system maturation is known as the ______ theory.

Clonal selection

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According to the clonal selection theory, lymphocyte specificity is genetically preprogrammed and exists before a(n) ______ has ever been encountered.

Antigen

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The extensive diversity of lymphocytes is due to to rearrangement of the gene fragments that encode the antigen ______ of B and T cells.

Receptors

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Each lymphocyte is genetically programmed to express ______ type(s) of antigen specific receptor(s).

One

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A group or colony of genetically identical cells is called a(n) ______.

Clone

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Plasma cells secrete immunoglobulins called ______.

Antibodies

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True or false: The clonal selection theory states that lymphocyte specificity is genetically preprogrammed.

True

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The overall structure of an antibody is a(n) ______ shape.

Symmetrical Y

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Which immune system cells carry clusters of differentiation (CD) receptors

T cells

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After antigen stimulation, B cells produce antibodies to ______ antigens.

Neutralize

Inactivate

Target

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Activated B cells (plasma cells) secrete immunoglobulins otherwise known as ______

Antibodies

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Any molecule or fragment of a molecule that has the potential to trigger a specific immune response is called a(n) ______

Antigen

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The most frequent entrance sites to the body for microbes that infect humans are the ______ tract or the ______ tract.

Respiratory Gastrointestinal

Clusters of differentiation (CD) receptors are molecules on the surfaces of ______ cells that act as receptors and may also be involved in cell adhesion and communication.

Following stimulation by antigen, B cells differentiate either into plasma cells, which produce and secrete ______, or into ______ cells, which will react rapidly if the antigen is encountered at some point in the future.

Antibodies; Memory

Antigen-presenting cells that both process and present antigenic determinants on their surfaces include B-cells, ______, and dendritic cells.

Macrophages

The "mediators" of cell-mediated immunity are ______ cells.

Mature T cells express either ______ or ______.

CD4 coreceptors CD8 coreceptors

Which type of protein must be complexed with peptide to activate CD4 T cells?

MHC class II proteins

Cytotoxic T cells (with CD8 receptors) recognize antigen presented with MHC class _____ molecules.

One

A cell that ingests and degrades an antigen and subsequently places the antigenic determinant molecules on its surface for recognition by other lymphocytes is an antigen-______ cell.

Presenting

On the surface of which cell type is the CD4 coreceptor found

T helper cells

Which type of protein must be complexed with peptide to activate CD8 T cells?

MHC class I protein

Which cell types are needed to activate B cells in the absence of B cells activating independently?

T helper cells

Helper T cells (with CD4 receptors) recognize antigen presented with MHC class ______ molecules.

The activation of B cells by antigen involves the ______ of a B cell bearing the complementary antigen-specific receptor.

Clonal selection

B cells are activated by chemical signals called ______ produced by macrophages and T cells.

Interleukins

Activation signals received from the T cells cause the activated B cell to ______.

Enlarge Differentiate Proliferate

The portion of an antibody that does not bind to antigen is the ______ fragment.

Crystallizable (Fc)

HIV infects T helper cells and severely reduces their number. Which of the following do you expect as a result of this?

A reduced ability of B cells to be activated A reduced ability of cytotoxic T cells to be activated

The aggregation formed by antibodies binding cellular antigens or large particles ______.

Agglutination

The activation of B cells involves ______.

Binding of antigen Clonal selection

The coating of nonself molecules with antibodies to increase their rate of phagocytosis is called ______.

Opsonization

Chemical signals produced by ______ and T cells called interleukins can activate B cells.

Macrophages

The process that enhances the phagocytosis of antigens that are much smaller than a cell is ______.

Precipitation

The binding of antibodies to cells, viruses, or toxins that results in the blocking of their ability to interact with host receptors is called ______.

Neutralization

What is the clumping of cells by cross-linking antibodies called?

Agglutination

B cells are activated by chemical signals called ______ produced by macrophages and T cells.

Interleukins

A type of antibody that neutralizes bacterial exotoxins is called a(n) ______.

Antitoxin

The fragment of antibodies that serves as the effector portion of the molecule as it binds to the membranes of many different cells is ______.

For small, free antigen molecules, such as proteins, the process of ______ increases the speed of phagocytosis.

Precipitation

IgG

Long term immunity, opsonization, neutralizes toxins

IgA

Secretory antibody

IgM

First antibody produced in response to antigen

A(n) ______ is a special type of antibody that neutralizes bacterial toxins.

Antitoxin

IgD

Serves as the B cell receptor

The different structural and functional classes of antibodies (immunoglobulins) are called ______.

Isotypes

IgE

Allergies; worm infections

Which of the following is the most prevalent antibody in circulation and tissue fluids?

IgG

In the blood, IgA circulates in the ______ form.

Monomer

Biological functions associated with one or more of the different classes of antibodies include ______.

Complement fixation Neutralization Opsonization

Secretory IgA is NOT found in which of the following fluids?

Stomach acid

IgM is a(n) ______ and thus has 10 antigen binding sites.

Pentamer

Which is the main function of IgD?

Serves as a B cell antigen receptor

The presence of IgE on mast cells and basophils can lead to some destructive responses, including ______.

Anaphylaxis Allergies Asthma

Secretory IgA coats the surface of mucous membranes and is found in ______.

Saliva Mucus Tears Colostrum

Antibody-rich serum derived from the blood of animals (deliberately immunized against infectious or toxic antigen) or from people who have recovered from specific infections is called ______.

Antiserum

The concentration of antibodies in serum is expressed as the ______.

Titer

The main functions of IgD are to serve as a(n) ______ receptor on the surface of B cells and to trigger B-cell activation.

Antigen

The first response of the immune system when exposed to an antigen is called a ______ immune response.

Primary

Early in the primary immune response, most antibodies are of which class?

IgM

As an immune response progresses, antibody production switches predominantly to which class of antibodies?

IgG

The term given to antibody rich serum which can be used diagnostically and therapeutically is ______.

Antiserum

Antiserum from human blood contains ______ antibodies arising from a wide variety of B-cell clones.

Polyclonal

The result of the body's response to exposure to antigen is called ______ immunity.

Active

The medical procedure that may involve the transfer of premade antibodies to protect the individual is ______.

Immunotherapy

The class of antibodies that comprise the majority of antibodies produced early in the primary immune response is ______.

IgM

True or false: At the beginning of an immune response, most antibodies produced are IgM but as the response progresses, you see mainly IgG antibodies or some other class being produced.

True

Immunoglobulins extracted from the pooled blood of many human donors are found in ______.

Immune serum globulin

Antibodies that are produced by a wide variety of B-cell clones, and are found in antiserum extracted from human blood, are ______ antibodies.

Polyclonal

Exposing a person to the antigenic components of a microbe without its pathogenic effects for the purpose of inducing a future protective response is called ______.

Vaccination

When considering pathogenic microbes, ______.

There are many that lack a vaccine

The great majority of vaccines are administered by the following routes?

Subcutaneous injection Intradermal injection Intramuscular injection

Preventing or treating infectious diseases by administering substances such as premade antibodies that produce artificial immunity is called ______.

Immunotherapy

Passive immunization can occur by using immunoglobulin extracted from the pooled blood of many human donors to make intravenous ______ ______ (IVIG).

Immune globulin

The collective protective immunity exhibited by a population which confers indirect protection to nonimmune members is ______ immunity.

Herd

True or false: Breakthrough infections occur in unvaccinated people.

False

A(n) ______ exposes a person to a specific antigen preparation in order to trigger a protective specific immune response without the person suffering any effects associated with the pathogen.

Vaccine

True or false: There is a vaccine for almost all known pathogenic microbes.

False

The status of collective acquired immunity in a population that reduces the likelihood that nonimmune individuals will contract and spread infection is known as ______ immunity.

Herd

COVID-19 infections in vaccinated people that result in milder symptoms are called ______ infections.

Breakthrough