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Microbiology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is the use of physical or chemical agents to destroy or remove most microbes from animate or inanimate surfaces?

A

Decontamination

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2
Q

The primary targets of microbial control are microorganisms that cause which of the following?

A

Disease

Food spoilage

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3
Q

What process completely removes or destroys all viable microorganisms, including viruses, from an object or habitat?

A

Sterilization

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4
Q

The CDC provides guides for______ and disinfection in heath care settings.

A

Sterilization

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5
Q

If it is damaged by an agent, the cell ______ loses its selective permeability and cannot prevent the loss or entrance of substances.

A

Membrane

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6
Q

Microbial control methods are referred to as ______ procedures.

A

Decontamination

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7
Q

Which of the following are examples of physical agents or mechanical means used to control microbes?

A

Radiation

Filtration

Heat

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8
Q

Regarding the use of the terms microbicidal and microbistatic, higher temperatures are______, whereas lower temperatures are usually ______.

A

Microbicidal; microbistatic

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9
Q

A sterile object is free of which of the following?

A

All viable microorganisms and viruses

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10
Q

Moist heat occurs in the forms of ______.

A

Hot water

Boiling water

Steam

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11
Q

The guidelines for sterilization and disinfection in health care settings is provided by the ______.

A

CDC

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12
Q

The loss of important molecules is prevented and the entry of damaging substances is stopped by the cell ______.

A

Membrane

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12
Q

Which is the most widely used antimicrobial physical agent?

A

Heat

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13
Q

Which of the following are the LEAST resistant to moist and dry heat?

A

Vegetative states of fungi

Vegetative states of bacteria

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14
Q

Using moist heat, to kill most heat-resistant species of spore-formers, a temperature of ______ degrees Celsius must be maintained for ______ minutes.

A

121; 20

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15
Q

When microbes are treated with temperatures that exceed their maximum growth temperature, the condition is described as which of the following?

A

Microbicidal

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16
Q

A closed container’s pressure can be adjusted in order to regulate the temperature of ______ when it is used as microbial control measure.

A

Steam

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17
Q

Which of the following describes dry heat?

A

Low moisture

Very high temperatures

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18
Q

Lower temperatures for shorter times are characteristic of ______ heat, while ______ heat requires higher temps and longer exposure times for the same effectiveness.

A

Moist; dry

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19
Q

What must be considered to ensure adequate sterilization by heat?

A

Temperature

Length of exposure

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20
Q

The lowest temperature that achieves sterilization in a given quantity of broth upon a 10-minute exposure is referred to as the thermal ______ ______.

A

Death; point

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21
Q

To raise the temperature at which water boils, the ______ must be increased.

A

Pressure

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21
Q

Which are examples of using moist heat to sterilize or disinfect materials?

A

Steam under pressure

Boiling

Pasteurization

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22
Q

An autoclave is a sterilization chamber that allows the use of ______ under pressure to ______ materials.

A

Steam; sterilize

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23
Typically, increases to temperature can result in a reduction in ______ to ensure adequate sterilization by heat.
Time
24
The shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specified temperature is referred to as the thermal ______ ______.
Death; time
25
True or false: Incineration is an example of using moist heat to sterilize or disinfect materials.
False
26
True or false: The normal boiling point of water is sufficient to kill all microbes.
False
27
Identify the main effect of cold temperatures.
To slow the activity of microbes
28
Sterilization is achieved using an autoclave for which of the following reasons?
Pressure in the chamber increases the temperature of the steam.
29
A form of microbial control that includes the use of electromagnetic waves with shorter wavelengths is ______.
Radiation
30
How does irradiation control microbial growth?
It bombards cells with radiation.
31
In what unit is radiation measured?
Kilograys
31
What must be considered to ensure adequate sterilization by heat?
Temperature Length of exposure
32
How are many cultures of microbes routinely preserved?
Freezing
33
The most lethal non-ionizing radiation has lethal wavelengths from 240nm to 280nm, and is called ______ radiation.
Ultraviolet (UV)
34
Radiation is characterized by a range of wavelengths known as the ______ ______.
Electromagnetic; spectrum
35
What is the process of straining a fluid or air through a membrane to trap microorganisms?
Filtration
36
The bombarding of a substance with radiation is referred to as ______.
Irradiation
37
Antimicrobial solutions with water as the solvent are called ______ solutions, whereas antimicrobial solutions with alcohol or water-alcohol as the solvent are called ______.
Aqueous; tinctures
38
The kilogray is equal to ______ grays.
1000
39
Which of the following can be high-level germicides?
Sterilants
40
In dilutions, a small amount of the ______ is diluted in a large volume of solvent to achieve a certain ratio.
Solute
40
Non-ionizing radiation that ranges from 100 nm to 400 nm in wavelength and readily induces mutations is ______ radiation.
UV
41
The straining of a fluid or air through a membrane to trap microorganisms is known as ______.
Filtration
42
Why aren't bromine and fluorine routinely used in germicidal preparations?
They are dangerous to handle.
43
Chemical agents that can destroy all forms of life, including endospores, are called which of the following?
Sterilants
44
Which environmental conditions make chlorine unstable?
Light Alkaline pH
45
Iodine compounds typically kill microbes due to which of the following?
Denaturing proteins
46
Which level germicides can function as sterilants?
High
47
In a solution, solutes are dissolved in a liquid known as the ______
Solvent
48
For decontamination of water, ______ iodine tablets may be used.
Elemental
49
True or false: Halogens are only microbistatic.
False
50
The effectiveness of a chemical compared to that of phenol is quantitatively described by the phenol ______.
Coefficient
51
If proper exposure times and concentrations are used, iodine can kill ______ microorganisms.
All classes of
52
Chlorine gas
Large scale disinfection of wastewater
53
Hypochlorite
Sanitization and disinfection of food equipment
54
Chloramine
Used as an alternative to chlorine gas for disinfection of water
55
Iodophor
Surgical handscrub
56
Chlorhexidine targets the ______ ______ by lowering surface tension and causes the denaturation of ______.
Cell; membrane; proteins
57
Phenol disrupts:
Cell walls and cell membranes.
58
Creolin
Low or intermediate levels of disinfection in veterinary clinics
59
Hexachlorophene
To control outbreaks of skin infections
60
Bisphenol
Widely employed commercially, clinically, and in the home
61
A 50% concentration of alcohol usually affects microbes by doing which of the following?
Disrupting cell membranes
61
Alcohols are colorless hydrocarbons with one or more ______ functional groups.
OH
61
Chorhexidine
Hand scrubbing, preparing skin for surgical incisions
62
Identify the products of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
Water Oxygen
63
Which of the following is the antiseptic cleanser of choice to control MRSA and Acinetobacter outbreaks in hospitals?
Chlorhexidine
64
Which of these can be used as a preservative in eye solutions?
Chlorhexidine
65
The germicidal effects of hydrogen peroxide are due to the direct and indirect actions of which gas?
Oxygen
66
Which two alcohols are effective in microbial control?
Ethyl Isopropyl
67
What are the effects of 100% alcohol on cells?
Inhibition of growth Disruption of cell membranes
67
Industrial items, medical items, isolators, and clean rooms can be sterilized using vaporized ______ ______.
Hydrogen; peroxide
68
Organic substances that contain a -CHO functional group on a terminal carbon are ______.
Aldehydes
69
Hydrogen peroxide can decompose in the presence of which of the following?
Metals Light Catalase
70
Which of following are the two aldehydes used most often in microbial control?
Glutaraldehyde and ortho-phthaldehyde
70
Which of the following describes ortho-phthalaldehyde?
Pale blue liquid
71
Although the amount of hydrogen peroxide used during disinfection is more than can be inactivated, most microbial cells can produce which of the following to inactivate hydrogen peroxide?
Catalase
72
Which of the following compounds are commonly used as gaseous sterilants or disinfectants?
Chlorine dioxide Propylene oxide Ethylene oxide
73
Ethanol
Skin degerming
74
Isopropyl alcohol
Some disinfection of objects and surfaces
75
Peracetic acid
Sterilization of space shuttles
76
Ozone
Disinfects air
77
Disinfectant-sterilants for some foods and plastic items include ______ and ______ oxide.
Ethylene; propylene
78
Prepackaged disposable Petri dishes are sterilized with ______ oxide.
Ethylene
79
What is the appearance of glutaraldehyde, a commonly used aldehyde?
Yellow liquid
79
Which organisms can be destroyed by cationic detergents?
Some gram-positive bacteria
80
ETO is the acronym for ______ ______.
Ethylene; oxide
81
OPA typically kills microbes by which mechanisms?
Altering amino acids Disrupting enzyme function
82
In usual practice, soaps alone are weak:
Microbicides
83
The sterilization of heat-sensitive objects such as plastics, and some food items can be accomplished by ______ oxide.
Ethylene
84
Gluteraldehyde
Sterilant for respiratory equipment
85
Chlorine dioxide
Air and surface sterilant
86
Propylene oxide
Sterilization of foods
87
Which of the following are the main drawbacks to heavy metals?
Microbial resistance Cause allergic reactions Can be toxic if inhaled
87
Which of the following heavy metals are still used in germicidal preparations?
Mercury Silver
88
Which organisms typically can not be destroyed by cationic detergents?
Endospores
89
Silver sulfadiazine ointment
Attached to dressings
89
Soaps can be reliably used in the clinical and home setting as which of the following?
Sanitizers
90
Organic mercury
Preservatives in ophthalmic solutions and cosmetics
91
Silver nitrate
Topical germicide for mouth ulcers
92
Metallic silver
Incorporated into catheters
93
Dyes are important for which of the following reasons?
Staining techniques Selective and differential media Chemotherapeutic drugs
94
The liquid metal ______ can be very toxic to humans if it is ingested, inhaled or absorbed through the skin, even in small doses.
Mercury
95
True or false: Acids or alkalis are limited in their application because they have limited reliability.
False
96
A strong ______ hydroxide solution is one of the substances that reliably destroys prions.
Sodium
97
A mild germicidal ointment or rinse that can be used for the mouth, nose, eyes, or vagina is colloidal ______.
Silver
98
Identify the organic acid that is added to sauerkraut to prevent the growth of anaerobic bacteria, especially the clostridia.
Lactic acid
99
Aniline dyes are used for which of the following?
Skin infections
100
Compounds that are limited in their application by their corrosive and hazardous nature are ______ or alkalis.
Acids
101
Which base is a major component of detergents and cleansers?
Ammonium hydroxide
102
Identify the organic acid that is commonly incorporated into breads to retard molds.
Propionic acid

Microbiology (12 decks)

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