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Microbiology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which of the following is the use of physical or chemical agents to destroy or remove most microbes from animate or inanimate surfaces?

A

Decontamination

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2
Q

The primary targets of microbial control are microorganisms that cause which of the following?

A

Disease

Food spoilage

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3
Q

What process completely removes or destroys all viable microorganisms, including viruses, from an object or habitat?

A

Sterilization

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4
Q

The CDC provides guides for______ and disinfection in heath care settings.

A

Sterilization

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5
Q

If it is damaged by an agent, the cell ______ loses its selective permeability and cannot prevent the loss or entrance of substances.

A

Membrane

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6
Q

Microbial control methods are referred to as ______ procedures.

A

Decontamination

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7
Q

Which of the following are examples of physical agents or mechanical means used to control microbes?

A

Radiation

Filtration

Heat

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8
Q

Regarding the use of the terms microbicidal and microbistatic, higher temperatures are______, whereas lower temperatures are usually ______.

A

Microbicidal; microbistatic

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9
Q

A sterile object is free of which of the following?

A

All viable microorganisms and viruses

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10
Q

Moist heat occurs in the forms of ______.

A

Hot water

Boiling water

Steam

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11
Q

The guidelines for sterilization and disinfection in health care settings is provided by the ______.

A

CDC

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12
Q

The loss of important molecules is prevented and the entry of damaging substances is stopped by the cell ______.

A

Membrane

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12
Q

Which is the most widely used antimicrobial physical agent?

A

Heat

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13
Q

Which of the following are the LEAST resistant to moist and dry heat?

A

Vegetative states of fungi

Vegetative states of bacteria

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14
Q

Using moist heat, to kill most heat-resistant species of spore-formers, a temperature of ______ degrees Celsius must be maintained for ______ minutes.

A

121; 20

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15
Q

When microbes are treated with temperatures that exceed their maximum growth temperature, the condition is described as which of the following?

A

Microbicidal

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16
Q

A closed container’s pressure can be adjusted in order to regulate the temperature of ______ when it is used as microbial control measure.

A

Steam

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17
Q

Which of the following describes dry heat?

A

Low moisture

Very high temperatures

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18
Q

Lower temperatures for shorter times are characteristic of ______ heat, while ______ heat requires higher temps and longer exposure times for the same effectiveness.

A

Moist; dry

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19
Q

What must be considered to ensure adequate sterilization by heat?

A

Temperature

Length of exposure

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20
Q

The lowest temperature that achieves sterilization in a given quantity of broth upon a 10-minute exposure is referred to as the thermal ______ ______.

A

Death; point

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21
Q

To raise the temperature at which water boils, the ______ must be increased.

A

Pressure

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21
Q

Which are examples of using moist heat to sterilize or disinfect materials?

A

Steam under pressure

Boiling

Pasteurization

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22
Q

An autoclave is a sterilization chamber that allows the use of ______ under pressure to ______ materials.

A

Steam; sterilize

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23
Q

Typically, increases to temperature can result in a reduction in ______ to ensure adequate sterilization by heat.

A

Time

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24
Q

The shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specified temperature is referred to as the thermal ______ ______.

A

Death; time

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25
Q

True or false: Incineration is an example of using moist heat to sterilize or disinfect materials.

A

False

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26
Q

True or false: The normal boiling point of water is sufficient to kill all microbes.

A

False

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27
Q

Identify the main effect of cold temperatures.

A

To slow the activity of microbes

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28
Q

Sterilization is achieved using an autoclave for which of the following reasons?

A

Pressure in the chamber increases the temperature of the steam.

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29
Q

A form of microbial control that includes the use of electromagnetic waves with shorter wavelengths is ______.

A

Radiation

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30
Q

How does irradiation control microbial growth?

A

It bombards cells with radiation.

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31
Q

In what unit is radiation measured?

A

Kilograys

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31
Q

What must be considered to ensure adequate sterilization by heat?

A

Temperature

Length of exposure

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32
Q

How are many cultures of microbes routinely preserved?

A

Freezing

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33
Q

The most lethal non-ionizing radiation has lethal wavelengths from 240nm to 280nm, and is called ______ radiation.

A

Ultraviolet (UV)

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34
Q

Radiation is characterized by a range of wavelengths known as the ______ ______.

A

Electromagnetic; spectrum

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35
Q

What is the process of straining a fluid or air through a membrane to trap microorganisms?

A

Filtration

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36
Q

The bombarding of a substance with radiation is referred to as ______.

A

Irradiation

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37
Q

Antimicrobial solutions with water as the solvent are called ______ solutions, whereas antimicrobial solutions with alcohol or water-alcohol as the solvent are called ______.

A

Aqueous; tinctures

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38
Q

The kilogray is equal to ______ grays.

A

1000

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39
Q

Which of the following can be high-level germicides?

A

Sterilants

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40
Q

In dilutions, a small amount of the ______ is diluted in a large volume of solvent to achieve a certain ratio.

A

Solute

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40
Q

Non-ionizing radiation that ranges from 100 nm to 400 nm in wavelength and readily induces mutations is ______ radiation.

A

UV

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41
Q

The straining of a fluid or air through a membrane to trap microorganisms is known as ______.

A

Filtration

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42
Q

Why aren’t bromine and fluorine routinely used in germicidal preparations?

A

They are dangerous to handle.

43
Q

Chemical agents that can destroy all forms of life, including endospores, are called which of the following?

A

Sterilants

44
Q

Which environmental conditions make chlorine unstable?

A

Light

Alkaline pH

45
Q

Iodine compounds typically kill microbes due to which of the following?

A

Denaturing proteins

46
Q

Which level germicides can function as sterilants?

A

High

47
Q

In a solution, solutes are dissolved in a liquid known as the ______

A

Solvent

48
Q

For decontamination of water, ______ iodine tablets may be used.

A

Elemental

49
Q

True or false: Halogens are only microbistatic.

A

False

50
Q

The effectiveness of a chemical compared to that of phenol is quantitatively described by the phenol ______.

A

Coefficient

51
Q

If proper exposure times and concentrations are used, iodine can kill ______ microorganisms.

A

All classes of

52
Q

Chlorine gas

A

Large scale disinfection of wastewater

53
Q

Hypochlorite

A

Sanitization and disinfection of food equipment

54
Q

Chloramine

A

Used as an alternative to chlorine gas for disinfection of water

55
Q

Iodophor

A

Surgical handscrub

56
Q

Chlorhexidine targets the ______ ______ by lowering surface tension and causes the denaturation of ______.

A

Cell; membrane; proteins

57
Q

Phenol disrupts:

A

Cell walls and cell membranes.

58
Q

Creolin

A

Low or intermediate levels of disinfection in veterinary clinics

59
Q

Hexachlorophene

A

To control outbreaks of skin infections

60
Q

Bisphenol

A

Widely employed commercially, clinically, and in the home

61
Q

A 50% concentration of alcohol usually affects microbes by doing which of the following?

A

Disrupting cell membranes

61
Q

Alcohols are colorless hydrocarbons with one or more ______ functional groups.

A

OH

61
Q

Chorhexidine

A

Hand scrubbing, preparing skin for surgical incisions

62
Q

Identify the products of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.

A

Water

Oxygen

63
Q

Which of the following is the antiseptic cleanser of choice to control MRSA and Acinetobacter outbreaks in hospitals?

A

Chlorhexidine

64
Q

Which of these can be used as a preservative in eye solutions?

A

Chlorhexidine

65
Q

The germicidal effects of hydrogen peroxide are due to the direct and indirect actions of which gas?

A

Oxygen

66
Q

Which two alcohols are effective in microbial control?

A

Ethyl

Isopropyl

67
Q

What are the effects of 100% alcohol on cells?

A

Inhibition of growth

Disruption of cell membranes

67
Q

Industrial items, medical items, isolators, and clean rooms can be sterilized using vaporized ______ ______.

A

Hydrogen; peroxide

68
Q

Organic substances that contain a -CHO functional group on a terminal carbon are ______.

A

Aldehydes

69
Q

Hydrogen peroxide can decompose in the presence of which of the following?

A

Metals

Light

Catalase

70
Q

Which of following are the two aldehydes used most often in microbial control?

A

Glutaraldehyde and ortho-phthaldehyde

70
Q

Which of the following describes ortho-phthalaldehyde?

A

Pale blue liquid

71
Q

Although the amount of hydrogen peroxide used during disinfection is more than can be inactivated, most microbial cells can produce which of the following to inactivate hydrogen peroxide?

A

Catalase

72
Q

Which of the following compounds are commonly used as gaseous sterilants or disinfectants?

A

Chlorine dioxide

Propylene oxide

Ethylene oxide

73
Q

Ethanol

A

Skin degerming

74
Q

Isopropyl alcohol

A

Some disinfection of objects and surfaces

75
Q

Peracetic acid

A

Sterilization of space shuttles

76
Q

Ozone

A

Disinfects air

77
Q

Disinfectant-sterilants for some foods and plastic items include ______ and ______ oxide.

A

Ethylene; propylene

78
Q

Prepackaged disposable Petri dishes are sterilized with ______ oxide.

A

Ethylene

79
Q

What is the appearance of glutaraldehyde, a commonly used aldehyde?

A

Yellow liquid

79
Q

Which organisms can be destroyed by cationic detergents?

A

Some gram-positive bacteria

80
Q

ETO is the acronym for ______ ______.

A

Ethylene; oxide

81
Q

OPA typically kills microbes by which mechanisms?

A

Altering amino acids

Disrupting enzyme function

82
Q

In usual practice, soaps alone are weak:

A

Microbicides

83
Q

The sterilization of heat-sensitive objects such as plastics, and some food items can be accomplished by ______ oxide.

A

Ethylene

84
Q

Gluteraldehyde

A

Sterilant for respiratory equipment

85
Q

Chlorine dioxide

A

Air and surface sterilant

86
Q

Propylene oxide

A

Sterilization of foods

87
Q

Which of the following are the main drawbacks to heavy metals?

A

Microbial resistance

Cause allergic reactions

Can be toxic if inhaled

87
Q

Which of the following heavy metals are still used in germicidal preparations?

A

Mercury

Silver

88
Q

Which organisms typically can not be destroyed by cationic detergents?

A

Endospores

89
Q

Silver sulfadiazine ointment

A

Attached to dressings

89
Q

Soaps can be reliably used in the clinical and home setting as which of the following?

A

Sanitizers

90
Q

Organic mercury

A

Preservatives in ophthalmic solutions and cosmetics

91
Q

Silver nitrate

A

Topical germicide for mouth ulcers

92
Q

Metallic silver

A

Incorporated into catheters

93
Q

Dyes are important for which of the following reasons?

A

Staining techniques

Selective and differential media

Chemotherapeutic drugs

94
Q

The liquid metal ______ can be very toxic to humans if it is ingested, inhaled or absorbed through the skin, even in small doses.

A

Mercury

95
Q

True or false: Acids or alkalis are limited in their application because they have limited reliability.

A

False

96
Q

A strong ______ hydroxide solution is one of the substances that reliably destroys prions.

A

Sodium

97
Q

A mild germicidal ointment or rinse that can be used for the mouth, nose, eyes, or vagina is colloidal ______.

A

Silver

98
Q

Identify the organic acid that is added to sauerkraut to prevent the growth of anaerobic bacteria, especially the clostridia.

A

Lactic acid

99
Q

Aniline dyes are used for which of the following?

A

Skin infections

100
Q

Compounds that are limited in their application by their corrosive and hazardous nature are ______ or alkalis.

A

Acids

101
Q

Which base is a major component of detergents and cleansers?

A

Ammonium hydroxide

102
Q

Identify the organic acid that is commonly incorporated into breads to retard molds.

A

Propionic acid

Microbiology (8 decks)

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