chapter 8

Question 1

Sense of self; descriptive and evaluative
mental picture of one’s abilities and traits.

Answer 1

self concept

Question 2

In Baumrind’s terminology, parenting
style emphasizing control and
obedience.

Answer 2

Authoritarian parenting

Question 3

The child plays in a group organized for some goal—to make something, play a formal game, or dramatize a situation. One or two children direct activities. Children take on different roles and supplement each other’s efforts.

Answer 3

Cooperative or organized
supplementary play

Question 4

Play involving repetitive large muscular
movements.

Answer 4

Functional play

Question 5

Theory, proposed by Bem, that children
socialize themselves in their gender
roles by developing a mentally
organized network of information about
what it means to be male or female in a
particular culture.

Answer 5

Gender schema theory

Question 6

“Child develops gender roles in preparation
for adult mating and reproductive behavior.” what theory of five perspectives on gender development is this?

Answer 6

Evolutionary Approach

Question 7

Play involving imaginary people or
situations; also called pretend play,
fantasy play, or imaginative play.

Answer 7

Dramatic play

Question 8

In Freudian theory, the process by which
a young child adopts characteristics,
beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors
of the parent of the same sex.

Answer 8

identification

Question 9

Aggression that is openly directed at its
target.

Answer 9

overt (direct) aggression

Question 10

Tendency to select playmates of one’s
own gender.

Answer 10

Gender segregation

Question 11

“Gender identity occurs when the child
identifies with the same-sex parent.” what theory of five perspectives on gender development is this?

Answer 11

Psychoanalytic Approach

Question 12

Any voluntary behavior intended to help
others.

Answer 12

Prosocial behavior

Question 13

“Once a child learns she is a girl or he is a
boy, the child sorts information about
behavior by gender and acts accordingly.” what theory of five perspectives on gender development is this?

Answer 13

Cognitive Approach or Cognitive developmental theory

Question 14

Awareness, developed in early
childhood, that one is male or female.

Answer 14

gender identity

Question 15

Behavior intended to help others out of
inner concern and without expectation
of external reward; may involve self denial or self-sacrifice.

Answer 15

Altruism

Question 16

Preconceived generalizations about
male or female role behavior.

Answer 16

gender stereotypes

Question 17

The self one actually is

Answer 17

real self

Question 18

Play involving use of objects or
materials to make something.

Answer 18

Constructive play

Question 19

“Many behavioral differences between the
sexes can be traced to biological
differences.” what theory of five perspectives on gender development is this?

Answer 19

biological approach

Question 20

Darwin’s theory that gender roles
developed in response to men’s and
women’s differing reproductive needs.

Answer 20

theory of sexual selection

Question 21

The judgment a person makes about
his or her self-worth.

Answer 21

self esteem

Question 22

Disciplinary strategy that involves
ignoring, isolating, or showing dislike for
a child.

Answer 22

withdrawal of love

Question 23

In Baumrind’s terminology, parenting
style emphasizing self-expression and
self-regulation.

Answer 23

Permissive parenting

Question 24

Behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and
traits that a culture considers
appropriate for each sex; differ for
males and females.

Answer 24

gender roles

Question 25

Methods of molding children’s character and of teaching them to exercise self control and engage in acceptable behavior.

Answer 25

Discipline

Question 26

Albert Bandura’s expansion of social learning theory; holds that children learn gender roles through socialization.

Answer 26

Social cognitive theory

Question 27

The self one would like to be

Answer 27

ideal self

Question 28

Socialization process whereby children, at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles.

Answer 28

gender typing

Question 29

Disciplinary techniques designed to induce desirable behavior by appealing to a child’s sense of reason and fairness.

Answer 29

Inductive techniques

Question 30

"Child mentally combines observations of gendered behavior and creates own behavioral variations." what theory of five perspectives on gender development is this?

Answer 30

Social Learning Approach or Social cognitive theory

Question 31

In Baumrind’s terminology, parenting style blending respect for a child’s individuality with an effort to instill social values.

Answer 31

Authoritative parenting

Question 32

The child spends most of the time watching other children play. The onlooker may talk to them but does not enter into the play.

Answer 32

Onlooker behavior

Question 33

Aggressive behavior used as a means of achieving a goal.

Answer 33

Instrumental aggression

Question 34

The children talk, borrow and lend toys, follow each other around, and play similarly. There is no division of labor and no organization around goals. The children behave as they wish and are more interested in being around each other than the activity itself

Answer 34

Associative play

Question 35

The child plays independently beside rather than with the other children, playing with similar toys, and does not try to influence the other children’s play

Answer 35

parallel play

Question 36

Organized games with known procedures and penalties.

Answer 36

formal games with rules

Question 37

Disciplinary strategy designed to discourage undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parental control.

Answer 37

power assertion

Question 38

Use of physical force with the intention of causing pain but not injury so as to correct or control behavior.

Answer 38

corporal punishment

Question 39

Cluster of characteristics used to describe oneself.

Answer 39

self definition

Question 40

The child plays alone with toys that are different from those used by nearby children and makes no effort to get close to them.

Answer 40

Solitary independent play

Question 41

Erikson’s third stage in psychosocial development, in which children balance the urge to pursue goals with reservations about doing so.

Answer 41

initiative vs guilt

Question 42

Emotions involved in the regulation of social behavior that require self awareness and the understanding of others' viewpoints.

Answer 42

social emotions

Question 43

"Child organizes information about what is considered appropriate for a boy or a girl on the basis of what a particular culture dictates. Child sorts by gender because gender is an important schema." what theory of five perspectives on gender development is this?

Answer 43

Gender-schema theory

Question 44

Awareness that one will always be male or female; also called sex-category constancy.

Answer 44

gender constancy

Question 45

The child does not seem to be playing but watches anything of momentary interest

Answer 45

Unoccupied behavior

Question 46

Aggression aimed at damaging or interfering with another person’s relationships, reputation, or psychological well-being.

Answer 46

Relational aggression