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Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Union of sperm and ovum to produce a
zygote; also called conception.

A

fertilization

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2
Q

One-celled organism resulting from
fertilization.

A

zygote

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3
Q

Twins conceived by the union of two
different ova (or a single ovum that has
split) with two different sperm cells; also
called fraternal twins; they are no more
alike genetically than any other siblings.

A

dizygotic twins

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4
Q

Twins resulting from the division of a
single zygote after fertilization; also
called identical twins; they are
genetically similar.

A

monozygotic twins

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5
Q

Chemical that carries inherited
instructions for the development of all
cellular forms of life.

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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6
Q

Sequence of bases within the DNA
molecule; governs the formation of
proteins that determine the structure
and functions of living cells.

A

genetic code

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7
Q

Coils of DNA that consist of genes.

A

chromosomes

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8
Q

Small segments of DNA located in definite
positions on particular chromosomes;
functional units of heredity

A

genes

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9
Q

Complete sequence of genes in the
human body.

A

human genome

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10
Q

Permanent alterations in genes or
chromosomes that may produce
harmful characteristics.

A

mutations

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11
Q

In humans, the 22 pairs of chromosomes
not related to sexual expression.

A

autosomes

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12
Q

Pair of chromosomes that determines
sex: XX in the normal human female,
XY in the normal human male.

A

sex chromosomes

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13
Q

Two or more alternative forms of a gene
that occupy the same position on
paired chromosomes and affect the
same trait.

A

alleles

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14
Q

Possessing two identical alleles for a trait.

A

homozygous

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15
Q

Possessing differing alleles for a trait.

A

heterozygous

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16
Q

Pattern of inheritance in which, when a
child receives different alleles, only the
dominant one is expressed.

A

dominant inheritance

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17
Q

Pattern of inheritance in which a child
receives identical recessive alleles,
resulting in expression of a nondominant
trait.

A

recessive inheritance

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18
Q

Pattern of inheritance in which multiple
genes at different sites on
chromosomes affect a complex trait.

A

polygenic inheritance

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19
Q

Observable characteristics of a person.

A

phenotype

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20
Q

Genetic makeup of a person, containing
both expressed and unexpressed
characteristics.

A

genotype

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21
Q

Combination of genetic and
environmental factors to produce
certain complex traits.

A

multifactorial transmission

22
Q

Mechanism that turns genes on or off
and determines functions of body cells.

A

Epigenesis

23
Q

Pattern of inheritance in which a child
receives two different alleles, resulting
in partial expression of a trait.

A

incomplete dominance

24
Q

Pattern of inheritance in which certain
characteristics carried on the X
chromosome inherited from the mother
are transmitted differently to her male
and female offspring.

A

sex-linked inheritance

25
Q

Chromosomal disorder characterized by
moderate-to-severe mental retardation
and by such physical signs as a downwardsloping skin fold at the inner corners of the eyes. Also called trisomy-21.

A

Down syndrome

26
Q

Clinical service that advises prospective
parents of their probable risk of having
children with hereditary defects.

A

Genetic counseling

27
Q

Quantitative study of relative hereditary
and environmental influences on
behavior.

A

behavioral genetics

28
Q

Statistical estimate of contribution of
heredity to individual differences in a
specific trait within a given population.

A

heritability

29
Q

Term describing tendency of twins to
share the same trait or disorder.

A

concordant

30
Q

Potential variability, depending on
environmental conditions, in the
expression of a hereditary trait.

A

reaction range

31
Q

Limitation on variance of expression of
certain inherited characteristics.

A

canalization

32
Q

The portion of phenotypic variation that
results from the reactions of genetically
different individuals to similar
environmental conditions.

A

genotype-environment interaction

33
Q

Tendency of certain genetic and
environmental influences to reinforce
each other; may be passive, reactive
(evocative), or active. Also called
genotype-environment covariance.

A

genotype-environment correlation

34
Q

Tendency of a person, especially after
early childhood, to seek out
environments compatible with his or her
genotype.

A

niche-picking

35
Q

The unique environment in which each
child grows up, consisting of distinctive
influences or influences that affect one
child differently than another.

A

nonshared environmental effects

36
Q

Extreme overweight in relation to age,
sex, height, and body type as defined
by having a body mass index at or
above the 95th percentile.

A

Obesity

37
Q

Characteristic disposition, or style of
approaching and reacting to situations.

A

Temperament

38
Q

Mental disorder marked by loss of
contact with reality; symptoms include
hallucinations and delusions.

A

schizophrenia

39
Q

Period of development between
conception and birth.

A

Gestation

40
Q

Age of an unborn baby, usually dated
from the first day of an expectant
mother’s last menstrual cycle.

A

Gestational age

41
Q

The upper parts of the body develop
before the lower parts of the trunk.

A

cephalocaudal principle

42
Q

The parts of the body near the center
develop before the extremities.

A

proximodistal principle

43
Q

First 2 weeks of prenatal development,
characterized by rapid cell division,
blastocyst formation, and implantation
in the wall of the uterus.

A

Germinal stage

44
Q

The attachment of the blastocyst to the
uterine wall, occurring at about day 6.

A

Implantation

45
Q

Second stage of gestation (2 to
8 weeks), characterized by rapid growth
and development of major body
systems and organs.

A

embryonic stage

46
Q

Natural expulsion from the uterus of an
embryo that cannot survive outside the
womb; also called miscarriage.

A

spontaneous abortion

47
Q

Final stage of gestation (from 8 weeks
to birth), characterized by increased
differentiation of body parts and greatly
enlarged body size.

A

Fetal stage

48
Q

Prenatal medical procedure using highfrequency sound waves to detect the
outline of a fetus and its movements, so
as to determine whether a pregnancy is
progressing normally

A

Ultrasound

49
Q

Environmental agent, such as a virus, a
drug, or radiation, that can interfere with
normal prenatal development and
cause developmental abnormalities.

A

Teratogen

50
Q

Combination of mental, motor, and
developmental abnormalities affecting
the offspring of some women who drink
heavily during pregnancy

A

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

51
Q

Viral disease that undermines effective
functioning of the immune system.

A

acquired immune deficiency
syndrome (AIDS

52
Q

Physical or psychological demands on a
person or organism.

A

Stress

dev psych (15 decks)

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