Chapter 2

Question 1

View of human development that holds
that changes in behavior result from
experience or from adaptation to the
environment.

Answer 1

Learning perspective

Question 2

Bandura’s term for bidirectional forces
that affect development.

Answer 2

reciprocal determinism

Question 3

“Time of relative calm between
more turbulent stages.” what stage is this?

Answer 3

Latency

Question 4

“Child develops
a balance of independence and self-sufficiency over shame and doubt.” what stage is this? and what it’s Virtue?

Answer 4

Autonomy VS self and doubt (will)

Question 5

Research method in which the observer
lives with the people or participates in
the activity being observed.

Answer 5

Participant study

Question 6

Research that focuses on nonnumerical
data, such as subjective experiences,
feelings, or beliefs.

Answer 6

Qualitative research

Question 7

“Child becomes attached to parent of
the other sex and later identifies
with same-sex parent. Superego
develops. Zone of gratification
shifts to genital region.” what stage is this?

Answer 7

Phallic

Question 8

“Child must learn skills of the
culture or face feelings of incompetence. what stage is this? and what it’s Virtue?

Answer 8

Industry VS Inferiority (skill)

Question 9

Possible explanations for phenomena,
used to predict the outcome of research.

Answer 9

Hypotheses

Question 10

Vygotsky’s term for the difference
between what a child can do alone
and what the child can do with help.

Answer 10

Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Question 11

“Person seeks to make commitments to
others; if unsuccessful, may suffer from
isolation and self-absorption” what stage is this? and what it’s Virtue?

Answer 11

Intimacy VS Isolation (love)

Question 12

Sense of one’s capability to master
challenges and achieve goals.

Answer 12

Self efficacy

Question 13

Study designed to assess age-related
differences, in which people of different
ages are assessed on one occasion.

Answer 13

cross sectional study

Question 14

a major psychosocial challenge that
is particularly important at that time and will remain an issue to some degree throughout the rest of life. These issues must be satisfactorily resolved for healthy
ego development.

Answer 14

crisis in personality

Question 15

Group of participants chosen to represent the entire population under study

Answer 15

Sample

Question 16

Model that views human development as
internally initiated by an active organism
and as occurring in a sequence of qualitatively different stages.

Answer 16

Organismic model

Question 17

“Older adult achieves acceptance of own life, allowing acceptance of death, or else despairs over inability to relive life.” what stage is this? and what it’s Virtue?

Answer 17

Integrity VS Despair (wisdom)

Question 18

Bronfenbrenner’s approach to understanding processes and contexts of
human development that identifies five
levels of environmental influence.

Answer 18

bioecological theory

Question 19

Learning through watching the behavior
of others.

Answer 19

observational learning

Question 20

Research method in which all participants are observed under the same
controlled conditions.

Answer 20

laboratory observation

Question 21

In Freudian theory, an unvarying
sequence of stages of childhood
personality development in which
gratification shifts from the mouth to the
anus and then to the genitals.

Answer 21

Psychosexual depelopment

Question 22

In an experiment, the group receiving
the treatment under study

Answer 22

Experimental group

Question 23

The process by which a behavior is
weakened, decreasing the likelihood of
repetition.

Answer 23

Punishment

Question 24

Temporary support to help a child
master a task.

Answer 24

Scaffholding

Question 25

"Mature adult is concerned with establishing and guiding the next generation or else feels personal impoverishment. " what stage is this? and what it's Virtue?

Answer 25

Generativity VS Stagnation (care)

Question 26

Learning based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit the response.

Answer 26

classical conditioning

Question 27

Piaget’s term for incorporation of new information into an existing cognitive structure. - taking in new information and incorporating it into existing cognitive structures

Answer 27

Assimilation

Question 28

Study of links between neural processes and cognitive abilities.

Answer 28

cognitive neuroscience

Question 29

In Erikson’s eight-stage theory, the socially and culturally influenced process of development of the ego, or self.

Answer 29

Psychosocial development

Question 30

Coherent set of logically related concepts that seeks to organize, explain, and predict data.

Answer 30

Theory

Question 31

the conscience and incorporates socially approved “shoulds” and “should nots” into the child’s value system.

Answer 31

Superego

Question 32

View of human development that sees the individual as inseparable from the social context.

Answer 32

Contextual perspective

Question 33

View of human development that focuses on evolutionary and biological bases of behavior.

Answer 33

Evolutionary/Socio biological perspective

Question 34

Rigorously controlled, replicable procedure in which the researcher manipulates variables to assess the effect of one on the other.

Answer 34

Experiment

Question 35

Selection of a sample in such a way that each person in a population has an equal and independent chance of being chosen.

Answer 35

Random selection

Question 36

Piaget’s term for changes in a cognitive structure to include new information. - adjusting one’s cognitive structures to fit the new information.

Answer 36

Accommodation

Question 37

In an experiment, the condition that may or may not change as a result of changes in the independent variable

Answer 37

Dependent variable

Question 38

Piaget’s term for the creation of categories or systems of knowledge

Answer 38

Organization

Question 39

System of established principles and processes of scientific inquiry, which includes identifying a problem to be studied, formulating a hypothesis to be tested by research, collecting data, analyzing the data, forming tentative conclusions, and disseminating findings.

Answer 39

Scientific method

Question 40

Research design intended to discover whether a statistical relationship between variables exists.

Answer 40

correlational study

Question 41

The process by which a behavior is strengthened, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated.

Answer 41

Reinforcement

Question 42

Research method in which behavior is studied in natural settings without intervention or manipulation.

Answer 42

naturalistic observation

Question 43

"Model that views human development as a series of predictable responses to stimuli." people are like machines that react to environmental input. Machines do not operate of their own will; they react automatically to physical forces or inputs.

Answer 43

Mechanistic Model

Question 44

A definition stated solely in terms of the operations used to measure a phenomenon.

Answer 44

Operational definition

Question 45

"Learning theory that emphasizes the predictable role of environment in causing observable behavior." "a mechanistic theory that describes observed behavior as a predictable response to experience. "

Answer 45

Behaviorism

Question 46

The Russian psychologist "______________" (1896–1934) focused on the social and cultural processes that guide children’s cognitive development.

Answer 46

Lev Semenovich vygotsky

Question 47

Discontinuous changes in kind, structure, or organization.

Answer 47

Qualitative change

Question 48

"Baby’s chief source of pleasure involves mouth-oriented activities (sucking and feeding)" what stage is this?

Answer 48

Oral

Question 49

Piaget’s term for the tendency to seek a stable balance among cognitive elements; achieved through a balance between assimilation and accommodation.

Answer 49

Equilibiration

Question 50

"Adolescent must determine own sense of self (“Who am I?”) or experience confusion about roles." what stage is this? and what it's Virtue?

Answer 50

Identity VS Identity confusion (fidelity)

Question 51

Study of distinctive adaptive behaviors of species of animals that have evolved to increase survival of the species. / study of the adaptive behaviors of animal species in natural contexts.

Answer 51

Ethology

Question 52

Application of Darwinian principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest to individual behavior.

Answer 52

Evolutionary psychology

Question 53

"Child develops initiative when trying new activities and is not overwhelmed by guilt." what stage is this? and what it's Virtue?

Answer 53

Initiative VS Guilt (purpose)

Question 54

Piaget’s theory that children’s cognitive development advances in a series of four stages involving qualitatively distinct types of mental operations.

Answer 54

Cognitive stage theory

Question 55

Research that deals with objectively measurable data.

Answer 55

Quantitative research

Question 56

"Baby develops sense of whether world is a good and safe place. " what stage is this? and what it's Virtue?

Answer 56

Basic trust VS Basic mistrust (Hope)

Question 57

represents reason, develops gradually during the first year or so of life and operates under the reality principle.

Answer 57

ego

Question 58

View of human development as shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior. (Hunger, sex, and aggression)

Answer 58

Psychoanalytic perspective

Question 59

Study design that combines cross sectional and longitudinal techniques

Answer 59

Sequential study

Question 60

Learning based on association of behavior with its consequences. CONSEQUENCESSS!!!

Answer 60

operant conditioning

Question 61

an arrest in development that can show up in adult personality

Answer 61

Fixation

Question 62

Assignment of participants in an experiment to groups in such a way that each person has an equal chance of being placed in any group.

Answer 62

Random assignment

Question 63

In-depth study of a culture, which uses a combination of methods including participant observation.

Answer 63

Ethnographic study

Question 64

French philosopher "___________________" believed that children are born “noble savages” who develop according to their own positive natural tendencies if not corrupted by society.

Answer 64

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Question 65

Theory that behaviors are learned by observing and imitating models. Also called social cognitive theory

Answer 65

Social learning theory

Question 66

In an experiment, a group of people, similar to those in the experimental group, who do not receive the treatment under study.

Answer 66

control group

Question 67

In an experiment, the condition over which the experimenter has direct control.

Answer 67

Independent variable

Question 68

"Child derives sensual gratification from withholding and expelling feces. Zone of gratification is anal region, and toilet training is important activity." what stage is this?

Answer 68

Anal

Question 69

Piaget’s term for adjustment to new information about the environment, achieved through processes of assimilation and accommodation.

Answer 69

Adaption

Question 70

Study of a single subject, such as an individual or family

Answer 70

case study

Question 71

Study designed to assess age changes in a sample over time

Answer 71

longitudinal study

Question 72

Changes in number or amount, such as in height, weight, size of vocabulary, or frequency of communication.

Answer 72

Quantitative change

Question 73

operates under the pleasure principle—the drive to seek immediate satisfaction of their needs and desires.

Answer 73

ID

Question 74

"Reemergence of sexual impulses of phallic stage, channeled into mature adult sexuality" what stage is this?

Answer 74

Genital

Question 75

View that thought processes are central to development. This perspective encompasses both organismic and mechanistically influenced theories

Answer 75

Cognitive perspective

Question 76

Piaget’s term for organized patterns of thought and behavior used in particular situations.

Answer 76

schemes

Question 77

Name Freud’s five stages of development and three parts of the personality?

Answer 77

(3) Id, Ego, Superego (5) Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital

Question 78

Vygotsky’s theory of how contextual factors affect children’s development

Answer 78

sociocultural theory

Question 79

English philosopher "_________" held that a young child is a tabula rasa—a “blank slate”—upon which society writes. How the child developed, in either positive or negative ways, depended entirely on experiences.

Answer 79

John Locke

Question 80

Approach to the study of cognitive development by observing and analyzing the mental processes involved in perceiving and handling information.

Answer 80

Information processing approach