Chapter 2 Flashcards
View of human development that holds
that changes in behavior result from
experience or from adaptation to the
environment.
Learning perspective
Bandura’s term for bidirectional forces
that affect development.
reciprocal determinism
“Time of relative calm between
more turbulent stages.” what stage is this?
Latency
“Child develops
a balance of independence and self-sufficiency over shame and doubt.” what stage is this? and what it’s Virtue?
Autonomy VS self and doubt (will)
Research method in which the observer
lives with the people or participates in
the activity being observed.
Participant study
Research that focuses on nonnumerical
data, such as subjective experiences,
feelings, or beliefs.
Qualitative research
“Child becomes attached to parent of
the other sex and later identifies
with same-sex parent. Superego
develops. Zone of gratification
shifts to genital region.” what stage is this?
Phallic
“Child must learn skills of the
culture or face feelings of incompetence. what stage is this? and what it’s Virtue?
Industry VS Inferiority (skill)
Possible explanations for phenomena,
used to predict the outcome of research.
Hypotheses
Vygotsky’s term for the difference
between what a child can do alone
and what the child can do with help.
Zone of proximal development (ZPD)
“Person seeks to make commitments to
others; if unsuccessful, may suffer from
isolation and self-absorption” what stage is this? and what it’s Virtue?
Intimacy VS Isolation (love)
Sense of one’s capability to master
challenges and achieve goals.
Self efficacy
Study designed to assess age-related
differences, in which people of different
ages are assessed on one occasion.
cross sectional study
a major psychosocial challenge that
is particularly important at that time and will remain an issue to some degree throughout the rest of life. These issues must be satisfactorily resolved for healthy
ego development.
crisis in personality
Group of participants chosen to represent the entire population under study
Sample
Model that views human development as
internally initiated by an active organism
and as occurring in a sequence of qualitatively different stages.
Organismic model
“Older adult achieves acceptance of own life, allowing acceptance of death, or else despairs over inability to relive life.” what stage is this? and what it’s Virtue?
Integrity VS Despair (wisdom)
Bronfenbrenner’s approach to understanding processes and contexts of
human development that identifies five
levels of environmental influence.
bioecological theory
Learning through watching the behavior
of others.
observational learning
Research method in which all participants are observed under the same
controlled conditions.
laboratory observation
In Freudian theory, an unvarying
sequence of stages of childhood
personality development in which
gratification shifts from the mouth to the
anus and then to the genitals.
Psychosexual depelopment
In an experiment, the group receiving
the treatment under study
Experimental group
The process by which a behavior is
weakened, decreasing the likelihood of
repetition.
Punishment
Temporary support to help a child
master a task.
Scaffholding
“Mature adult is concerned with
establishing and guiding the next generation or else feels personal impoverishment. “ what stage is this? and what it’s Virtue?
Generativity VS Stagnation (care)
Learning based on associating a
stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a
response with another stimulus that
does elicit the response.
classical conditioning
Piaget’s term for incorporation of new
information into an existing cognitive
structure. - taking in new information and incorporating it into existing cognitive
structures
Assimilation
Study of links between neural processes and cognitive abilities.
cognitive neuroscience
In Erikson’s eight-stage theory, the
socially and culturally influenced process
of development of the ego, or self.
Psychosocial development
Coherent set of logically related concepts that seeks to organize, explain,
and predict data.
Theory
the conscience
and incorporates socially approved “shoulds” and “should nots” into the child’s value system.
Superego
View of human development that sees
the individual as inseparable from the
social context.
Contextual perspective