Chapter 4

Question 1

Theory developed by Eleanor and
James Gibson, which describes
developing motor and perceptual
abilities as interdependent parts of a
functional system that guides behavior
in varying contexts.

Answer 1

Ecological theory of perception

Question 2

Newborn baby, up to 4 weeks old

Answer 2

Neonate

Question 3

Ability to acquire information about
properties of objects, such as size,
weight, and texture, by handling them.

Answer 3

haptic perception

Question 4

Standard measurement of a newborn’s
condition; it assesses appearance,
pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration.

Answer 4

Apgar scale

Question 5

Delivery of a baby by surgical removal
from the uterus

Answer 5

Cesarean delivery

Question 6

“Sounds or light bring
smiles or grimaces in
sleep.” which state of arousal in Infancy is this?

Answer 6

Irregular Sleep

Question 7

Process by which cells acquire
specialized structures and functions.

Answer 7

Differentiation

Question 8

First 4 weeks of life, a time of transition
from intrauterine dependency to
independent existence.

Answer 8

Neonatal period

Question 9

Automatic, involuntary, innate
responses to stimulation.

Answer 9

Reflex behaviors

Question 10

Process by which neurons coordinate
the activities of muscle groups.

Answer 10

Integration

Question 11

Process of coating neural pathways
with a fatty substance called myelin,
which enables faster communication
between cells.

Answer 11

Myelination

Question 12

Condition, in many newborn babies,
caused by immaturity of liver and
evidenced by yellowish appearance;
can cause brain damage if not treated
promptly.

Answer 12

Neonatal Jaundice

Question 13

Use of the eyes to guide movements of
the hands or other parts of the body

Answer 13

Visual guidance

Question 14

Weight of less than 5½ pounds (2,500
grams) at birth because of prematurity
or being small-for-date.

Answer 14

Low birth weight (LBW)

Question 15

Physical skills that involve the large
muscles.

Answer 15

Gross motor skills

Question 16

“lasts between 10 minutes and 1 hour” what stage is this?

Answer 16

Third stage - Expulsion of the placenta

Question 17

Proportion of babies born alive who die
within the 1st year.

Answer 17

Infant Mortality rate

Question 18

Infants born before completing the 37th
week of gestation.

Answer 18

Preterm (premature) Infants

Question 19

Esther Thelen’s theory, which holds that
motor development is a dynamic process of active coordination of multiple
systems within the infant in relation to
the environment.

Answer 19

Dynamic systems theory (DST)

Question 20

An infant’s physiological and behavioral
status at a given moment in the
periodic daily cycle of wakefulness,
sleep, and activity.

Answer 20

State of arousal

Question 21

According to this principle, growth and motor development proceed from the center of the body outward.

Answer 21

proximodistal principle

Question 22

Mechanical monitoring of fetal
heartbeat during labor and delivery.

Answer 22

Electronic fetal monitoring

Question 23

A fetus not yet born as of 2 weeks after
the due date or 42 weeks after the
mother’s last menstrual period.

Answer 23

postmature

Question 24

According to this principle, growth occurs from the top down.

Answer 24

cephalocaudal principle

Question 25

State the 5 Arousal in Infancy

Answer 25

Regular sleep, Irregular sleep, Drowsiness, Alert Inactivity, Walking activity an crying

Question 26

Death of a fetus at or after the 20th week of gestation.

Answer 26

Stillbirth

Question 27

Ability to perceive objects and surfaces three-dimensionally.

Answer 27

depth perception

Question 28

Method of skin-to-skin contact in which a newborn is laid face down between the mother’s breasts for an hour or so at a time after birth.

Answer 28

Kangaroo care

Question 29

In brain development, normal elimination of excess brain cells to achieve more efficient functioning.

Answer 29

Cell death

Question 30

"May smile, startle, suck, or have erections in response to stimuli." which state of arousal in Infancy is this?

Answer 30

Drowsiness

Question 31

It is the usual method of childbirth

Answer 31

Vaginal delivery

Question 32

Method of childbirth that uses instruction, breathing exercises, and social support to induce controlled physical responses to uterine contractions and reduce fear and pain

Answer 32

Prepared childbirth

Question 33

Tendency of each of the brain’s hemispheres to have specialized functions

Answer 33

Lateralization

Question 34

These are functions of the _____________the brain and spinal cord

Answer 34

Central Nervous system

Question 35

An experienced mentor who furnishes emotional support and information for a woman during labor.

Answer 35

Doula

Question 36

The act or process of giving birth.

Answer 36

Parturition

Question 37

Modifiability, or “molding,” of the brain through experience.

Answer 37

Plasticity

Question 38

Apparatus designed to give an illusion of depth and used to assess depth perception in infants

Answer 38

Visual cliff

Question 39

Method of childbirth that seeks to prevent pain by eliminating the mother’s fear through education about the physiology of reproduction and training in breathing and relaxation during delivery

Answer 39

Natural childbirth

Question 40

Physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination.

Answer 40

Fine motor skills

Question 41

Sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant.

Answer 41

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Question 42

Increasingly complex combinations of motor skills, which permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment.

Answer 42

Systems of action

Question 43

The brain’s growth occurs in fits and starts called ________

Answer 43

brain growth spurts

Question 44

Infants whose birth weight is less than that of 90 percent of babies of the same gestational age, as a result of slow fetal growth.

Answer 44

Small-for-date Infants

Question 45

" typically lasts up to an hour or two" what stage is this?

Answer 45

Second stage - Descent and emergence of the baby

Question 46

Screening test given to children 1 month to 6 years old to determine whether they are developing normally

Answer 46

Denver Developmental Screening Test

Question 47

a stringy, greenish-black waste matter formed in the fetal intestinal tract.

Answer 47

Meconium

Question 48

"is the longest, typically lasting 12 to 14 hours for a woman having her first child." what stage is this?

Answer 48

First stage - Dilation of the Cervix

Question 49

"An interesting environment (with people or things to watch) may initiate or maintain this state." which state of arousal in Infancy is this?

Answer 49

Alert Inactivity

Question 50

Lack of oxygen, which may cause brain damage.

Answer 50

Anoxia

Question 51

the largest part of the brain, is divided into right and left halves, or hemispheres, each with specialized functions.

Answer 51

cerebrum