chapter 5

Question 1

Piaget’s term for capacity to store
mental images or symbols of objects
and events.

Answer 1

representational ability

Question 2

Intentional and conscious memory,
generally of facts, names, and events.

Answer 2

explicit memory

Question 3

Learning based on association of
behavior with its consequences.

Answer 3

operant conditioning

Question 4

A shared attentional focus, typically
initiated with eye gaze or pointing.

Answer 4

joint attention

Question 5

Rules for forming sentences in a
particular language.

Answer 5

Syntax

Question 6

Approach to the study of cognitive
development that describes qualitative
stages in cognitive functioning.

Answer 6

Piagetian approach

Question 7

Increase in responsiveness after
presentation of a new stimulus.

Answer 7

dishabituation

Question 8

Psychometric tests that seek to measure
intelligence by comparing a test-taker’s
performance with standardized norms.

Answer 8

IQ (intelligence quotient) tests

Question 9

Communication system based on words
and grammar.

Answer 9

language

Question 10

Systematic process of providing
services to help families meet young
children’s developmental needs.

Answer 10

early intervention

Question 11

Tendency of infants to spend more time
looking at one sight than another.

Answer 11

visual preference

Question 12

Piaget’s term for the understanding that
a person or object still exists when out
of sight.

Answer 12

object permanence

Question 13

Single word that conveys a complete
thought.

Answer 13

holophrase

Question 14

Piaget’s term for processes by which an
infant learns to reproduce desired
occurrences originally discovered by
chance.

Answer 14

circular reactions

Question 15

Early form of sentence use consisting of
only a few essential words.

Answer 15

telegraphic speech

Question 16

Unconscious recall, generally of habits
and skills; sometimes called procedural
memory.

Answer 16

implicit memory

Question 17

Ability to read and write.

Answer 17

Literacy

Question 18

Approach to the study of cognitive
development that seeks to measure
intelligence quantitatively.

Answer 18

psychometric approach

Question 19

Instrument to measure the influence of
the home environment on children’s
cognitive growth.

Answer 19

Home Observation for Measurement
of the Environment (HOME)

Question 20

Ability to distinguish a familiar visual
stimulus from an unfamiliar one when
shown both at the same time.

Answer 20

visual recognition memory

Question 21

Piaget’s term for organized patterns of
thought and behavior used in particular
situations.

Answer 21

Schemes

Question 22

Approach to the study of cognitive
development that focuses on
environmental influences, particularly
parents and other caregivers.

Answer 22

social-contextual approach

Question 23

Theory that human beings have an
inborn capacity for language
acquisition.

Answer 23

Nativism

Question 24

Approach to the study of cognitive
development that analyzes processes
involved in perceiving and handling
information.

Answer 24

information-processing approach

Question 25

Research method in which dishabituation to a stimulus that conflicts with experience is taken as evidence that an infant recognizes the new stimulus as surprising.

Answer 25

violation-of-expectations

Question 26

Piaget’s term for reproduction of an observed behavior after the passage of time by calling up a stored symbol of it.

Answer 26

deferred imitation

Question 27

Ability to use information gained by one sense to guide another.

Answer 27

cross-modal transfer

Question 28

Standardized test of infants’ and toddlers’ mental and motor development.

Answer 28

Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development

Question 29

Form of speech often used in talking to babies or toddlers; includes slow, simplified speech, a high-pitched tone, exaggerated vowel sounds, short words and sentences, and much repetition; also called parentese or motherese.

Answer 29

child-directed speech (CDS)

Question 30

Short-term storage of information being actively processed.

Answer 30

working memory

Question 31

Piaget’s first stage in cognitive development, in which infants learn through senses and motor activity

Answer 31

sensorimotor stage

Question 32

Type of learning in which familiarity with a stimulus reduces, slows, or stops a response.

Answer 32

habituation

Question 33

Approach to the study of cognitive development that links brain processes with cognitive ones.

Answer 33

cognitive neuroscience approach

Question 34

Learning based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit the response

Answer 34

classical conditioning

Question 35

Changing one’s speech to match the situation, as in people who are bilingual.

Answer 35

code switching

Question 36

Use of elements of two languages, sometimes in the same utterance, by young children in households where both languages are spoken.

Answer 36

code mixing

Question 37

Proposal that children under age 3 have difficulty grasping spatial relationships because of the need to keep more than one mental representation in mind at the same time.

Answer 37

dual representation hypothesis

Question 38

Adult’s participation in a child’s activity that helps to structure it and bring the child’s understanding of it closer to the adult’s.

Answer 38

guided participation

Question 39

Behavior that is goal-oriented and adaptive to circumstances and conditions of life.

Answer 39

intelligent behavior

Question 40

Approach to the study of cognitive development that is concerned with basic mechanics of learning.

Answer 40

behaviorist approach

Question 41

In Chomsky’s terminology, an inborn mechanism that enables children to infer linguistic rules from the language they hear.

Answer 41

language acquisition device (LAD)

Question 42

Forerunner of linguistic speech; utterance of sounds that are not words. Includes crying, cooing, babbling, and accidental and deliberate imitation of sounds without understanding their meaning.

Answer 42

prelinguistic speech