chapter 6

Question 1

The relatively consistent blend of
emotions, temperament, thought, and
behavior that makes a person unique.

Answer 1

Personality

Question 2

Subjective reactions to experience that
are associated with physiological and
behavioral changes.

Answer 2

Emotions

Question 3

Beginning in the 2nd month, newborn
infants gaze at their parents and smile
at them, signaling positive participation
in the relationship

Answer 3

Social smiling

Question 4

Infant smiles at an object and then
gazes at an adult while still smiling.

Answer 4

Anticipatory smiling

Question 5

Emotions, such as embarrassment,
empathy, and envy, that depend on
self-awareness

Answer 5

Self conscious emotions

Question 6

Realization that one’s existence and
functioning are separate from those of
other people and things.

Answer 6

Self awareness

Question 7

Emotions, such as pride, shame, and
guilt, that depend on both self-awareness
and knowledge of socially accepted
standards of behavior.

Answer 7

Self evaluative emotions

Question 8

Activity intended to help another
person with no expectation of reward.

Answer 8

Altruistic behavior

Question 9

Ability to put oneself in another person’s
place and feel what the other person
feels.

Answer 9

Empathy

Question 10

Neurons that fire when a person does
something or observes someone else
doing the same thing.

Answer 10

Mirror neurons

Question 11

Characteristic disposition or style of
approaching and reacting to situations.

Answer 11

Temperament

Question 12

Children with a generally happy
temperament, regular biological
rhythms, and a readiness to accept
new experiences

Answer 12

“easy” children

Question 13

Children with irritable temperament,
irregular biological rhythms, and intense
emotional responses.

Answer 13

“difficult” children

Question 14

Children whose temperament is
generally mild but who are hesitant
about accepting new experiences.

Answer 14

“slow to warm up” children

Question 15

Appropriateness of environmental
demands and constraints to a child’s
temperament.

Answer 15

Goodness of fit

Question 16

Significance of being male or female.

Answer 16

Gender

Question 17

Socialization process by which children,
at an early age, learn appropriate
gender roles.

Answer 17

Gender typing

Question 18

Erikson’s first stage in psychosocial
development, in which infants develop
a sense of the reliability of people and
objects

Answer 18

Basic sense of trust versus mistrust

Question 19

Reciprocal, enduring tie between two
people—especially between infant and
caregiver—each of whom contributes to
the quality of the relationship.

Answer 19

Attachment

Question 20

Laboratory technique used to study
infant attachment

Answer 20

Strange situation

Question 21

Pattern in which an infant is quickly and
effectively able to obtain comfort from
an attachment figure in the face of
distress.

Answer 21

Secure attachment

Question 22

Pattern in which an infant rarely cries
when separated from the primary
caregiver and avoids contact on his or
her return.

Answer 22

Avoidant attachment

Question 23

Pattern in which an infant becomes
anxious before the primary caregiver
leaves, is extremely upset during his or
her absence, and both seeks and
resists contact on his or her return.

Answer 23

ambivalent (resistant) attachment

Question 24

Pattern in which an infant, after
separation from the primary caregiver,
shows contradictory, repetitious, or
misdirected behaviors on his or her
return

Answer 24

disorganized-disoriented attachment

Question 25

Wariness of strange people and places,
shown by some infants during the
second half of the 1st year.

Answer 25

Stranger anxiety

Question 26

Distress shown by someone, typically
an infant, when a familiar caregiver
leaves.

Answer 26

Separation anxiety

Question 27

Process by which infant and caregiver
communicate emotional states to each
other and respond appropriately

Answer 27

Mutual regulation

Question 28

Understanding an ambiguous situation
by seeking another person’s perception
of it

Answer 28

Social referencing

Question 29

Sense of self; descriptive and
evaluative mental picture of one’s
abilities and traits.

Answer 29

Self concept

Question 30

Erikson’s second stage in psychosocial
development, in which children achieve
a balance between self-determination
and control by others.

Answer 30

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Question 31

Development of habits, skills, values,
and motives shared by responsible,
productive members of a society.

Answer 31

Socialization

Question 32

During socialization, process by which
children accept societal standards of
conduct as their own.

Answer 32

Internalization

Question 33

A child’s independent control of
behavior to conform to understood
social expectations.

Answer 33

Self regulation

Question 34

Internal standards of behavior, which
usually control one’s conduct and
produce emotional discomfort when
violated.

Answer 34

conscience

Question 35

Kochanska’s term for obedience of a
parent’s orders only in the presence of
signs of ongoing parental control.

Answer 35

Situational compliance

Question 36

Kochanska’s term for wholehearted
obedience of a parent’s orders without
reminders or lapses.

Answer 36

Committed compliance

Question 37

Kochanska’s term for eager willingness
to cooperate harmoniously with a
parent in daily interactions, including
routines, chores, hygiene, and play.

Answer 37

Receptive cooperation

Question 38

Action taken deliberately to endanger
another person, involving potential
bodily injury

Answer 38

Physical abuse

Question 39

Failure to meet a dependent’s basic
needs.

Answer 39

Neglect

Question 40

Physically or psychologically harmful
sexual activity or any sexual activity
involving a child and an older person.

Answer 40

Sexual abuse

Question 41

Rejection, terrorization, isolation,
exploitation, degradation, ridicule, or
failure to provide emotional support,
love, and affection; or other action or
inaction that may cause behavioral,
cognitive, emotional, or mental
disorders

Answer 41

emotional maltreatment

Question 42

Slowed or arrested physical growth with
no known medical cause, accompanied
by poor developmental and emotional
functioning.

Answer 42

nonorganic failure to thrive

Question 43

Form of maltreatment in which shaking
an infant or toddler can cause brain
damage, paralysis, or death.

Answer 43

shaken baby syndrome