chapter 6 Flashcards
The relatively consistent blend of
emotions, temperament, thought, and
behavior that makes a person unique.
Personality
Subjective reactions to experience that
are associated with physiological and
behavioral changes.
Emotions
Beginning in the 2nd month, newborn
infants gaze at their parents and smile
at them, signaling positive participation
in the relationship
Social smiling
Infant smiles at an object and then
gazes at an adult while still smiling.
Anticipatory smiling
Emotions, such as embarrassment,
empathy, and envy, that depend on
self-awareness
Self conscious emotions
Realization that one’s existence and
functioning are separate from those of
other people and things.
Self awareness
Emotions, such as pride, shame, and
guilt, that depend on both self-awareness
and knowledge of socially accepted
standards of behavior.
Self evaluative emotions
Activity intended to help another
person with no expectation of reward.
Altruistic behavior
Ability to put oneself in another person’s
place and feel what the other person
feels.
Empathy
Neurons that fire when a person does
something or observes someone else
doing the same thing.
Mirror neurons
Characteristic disposition or style of
approaching and reacting to situations.
Temperament
Children with a generally happy
temperament, regular biological
rhythms, and a readiness to accept
new experiences
“easy” children
Children with irritable temperament,
irregular biological rhythms, and intense
emotional responses.
“difficult” children
Children whose temperament is
generally mild but who are hesitant
about accepting new experiences.
“slow to warm up” children
Appropriateness of environmental
demands and constraints to a child’s
temperament.
Goodness of fit
Significance of being male or female.
Gender
Socialization process by which children,
at an early age, learn appropriate
gender roles.
Gender typing
Erikson’s first stage in psychosocial
development, in which infants develop
a sense of the reliability of people and
objects
Basic sense of trust versus mistrust
Reciprocal, enduring tie between two
people—especially between infant and
caregiver—each of whom contributes to
the quality of the relationship.
Attachment
Laboratory technique used to study
infant attachment
Strange situation
Pattern in which an infant is quickly and
effectively able to obtain comfort from
an attachment figure in the face of
distress.
Secure attachment
Pattern in which an infant rarely cries
when separated from the primary
caregiver and avoids contact on his or
her return.
Avoidant attachment
Pattern in which an infant becomes
anxious before the primary caregiver
leaves, is extremely upset during his or
her absence, and both seeks and
resists contact on his or her return.
ambivalent (resistant) attachment
Pattern in which an infant, after
separation from the primary caregiver,
shows contradictory, repetitious, or
misdirected behaviors on his or her
return
disorganized-disoriented attachment
Wariness of strange people and places,
shown by some infants during the
second half of the 1st year.
Stranger anxiety
Distress shown by someone, typically
an infant, when a familiar caregiver
leaves.
Separation anxiety
Process by which infant and caregiver
communicate emotional states to each
other and respond appropriately
Mutual regulation
Understanding an ambiguous situation
by seeking another person’s perception
of it
Social referencing
Sense of self; descriptive and
evaluative mental picture of one’s
abilities and traits.
Self concept
Erikson’s second stage in psychosocial
development, in which children achieve
a balance between self-determination
and control by others.
autonomy versus shame and doubt
Development of habits, skills, values,
and motives shared by responsible,
productive members of a society.
Socialization
During socialization, process by which
children accept societal standards of
conduct as their own.
Internalization
A child’s independent control of
behavior to conform to understood
social expectations.
Self regulation
Internal standards of behavior, which
usually control one’s conduct and
produce emotional discomfort when
violated.
conscience
Kochanska’s term for obedience of a
parent’s orders only in the presence of
signs of ongoing parental control.
Situational compliance
Kochanska’s term for wholehearted
obedience of a parent’s orders without
reminders or lapses.
Committed compliance
Kochanska’s term for eager willingness
to cooperate harmoniously with a
parent in daily interactions, including
routines, chores, hygiene, and play.
Receptive cooperation
Action taken deliberately to endanger
another person, involving potential
bodily injury
Physical abuse
Failure to meet a dependent’s basic
needs.
Neglect
Physically or psychologically harmful
sexual activity or any sexual activity
involving a child and an older person.
Sexual abuse
Rejection, terrorization, isolation,
exploitation, degradation, ridicule, or
failure to provide emotional support,
love, and affection; or other action or
inaction that may cause behavioral,
cognitive, emotional, or mental
disorders
emotional maltreatment
Slowed or arrested physical growth with
no known medical cause, accompanied
by poor developmental and emotional
functioning.
nonorganic failure to thrive
Form of maltreatment in which shaking
an infant or toddler can cause brain
damage, paralysis, or death.
shaken baby syndrome
