Chapter 8 Flashcards
What is the book that was published by Isaac Newton that laid the foundation for the modern scientific study of light?
Opticks
What is the ideas that light is a stream of tiny particles emitted by a light source?
particle theory of light
What is the theory that lights consists of a wave, not particles?
wave theory of light
Who was the Scottish physicist who demonstrated that light consists of two transverse waves oscillating at right angels to each other?
James Clerk Maxwell
What is a wave consisting of two transverse waves, one electric and one magnetic, oscillating at right angels to each other?
electromagnetic wave
Who was the German professor who demonstrated the existence of invisible electromagnetic waves?
Heindrich Hertz
What is a phenomenon that occurs when light above a certain frequency knocks electron loose from atoms of certain metals?
photoelectric effect
What is the theory stating that light has both a wave nature and particle nature?
quantum theory of light
What is a tiny bundle or packet of energy?
photon
What are electromagnetic waves that travel as photons?
light
What is the range of electromagnetic waves that the human eye can perceive?
visible light
What is the range of electromagnetic waves that the human eye can perceive as having color?
visible spectrum
What is a mixture of all the colors of light?
white
What is less-intense white light?
gray
What is the absence of color?
black
What separates white light into its component color by refracting the light that passes through?
a prism
What are the three colors of light that can be mixed together to create the illusion of almost any color?
additive primary colors- red, green, blue
What kinds of cells in the eyes detect color?
cone cells
What type of cells in the eyes detect only light and dark?
rod cells
What are three colors of pigment that can be mixed to produced the illusion of almost any color?
subtractive primary colors- magenta, cyan, and yellow
What type of image appears to be behind a mirror; no light passes through the image locations?
virtual image
What type of image forms in front of the mirror?
real image
What is a mirror in which the reflecting side is on the inside of the spherical surface?
concave mirror
What is a mirror in which the reflecting side is on the outside of the spherical surface?
convex mirror
What is the bending of the path of a wave as a result of a change in wave speed, usually caused by crossing the boundary between two media?
refraction
Where does refracted light bend toward?
toward the medium that slows them down
What is a piece of glass or other substance specially designed to refract light?
lens
What is a lens that curves outward and causes rays of light passing through it to bend inward and converge on a point?
convex lens
What is a lens that curves inward, like the opening of a cave, and causes waves of light passing through it to bend outward?
concave lens
What is an illusion that occurs when the light rays from a distant object are refracted by heated air so that the object appears to be nearby?
mirage
What is the twinkling of stars caused by refraction of light?
scintillation
What is a semicircular arc of colored bands of light that forms in the sky when millions of airborne water droplets act like tiny prisms?
rainbow
What is the mutual reinforcement or cancellation that occurs when two or more waves meet?
interference
What is the phenomenon in which colors are produced on the surface of an object by interference; colors seen depend on the viewing angle?
iridescence
What occurs when light passes through a narrow opening?
it diffracts
What is the light fringe that results from constructive interference of light waves coming from different parts of a narrow slit?
antinode
What is the dark fringe that results from destructive interference coming from different parts of a narrow slit?
node
What is a simple devices that uses diffraction to produce spectra?
diffraction grating
What is any scientific technique that analyzes a substance or phenomenon by observing a light spectrum?
spectroscopy
What refers to a beam of light containing waves that are all aligned in the same direction?
polarized
What is an arrangement of all forms of electromagnetic radiation in the order of the frequency and wavelength?
electromagnetic spectrum
What is a low-frequency electromagnetic waves widely used for communication?
radio waves
What are waves of higher frequency and shorter wavelength than radio waves?
microwaves
What is a device that uses reflected radio waves or microwaves to measure the distance and direction of a faraway object?
radar
What is an electromagnetic wave whose frequency is greater than that of microwaves and just below that of red visible light; sometimes called heat ray?
infrared ray
What is electromagnetic radiation frequency slightly higher than that of visible light from lowest frequency to highest frequency, divided into UVA, UVB, and UVC?
ultraviolet radiation
What are electromagnetic waves of extremely high frequency and energy released by gamma decay?
gamma rays
What is the process where a single photon is emitted by an excited electron?
spontaneous emission
What is the process of photon emission by stimulation of already-exicted atoms?
stimulated emission
What is a device that generates and amplifies hig-energy beam of light using stimulated emission?
laser
Who made the first laser called the ruby laser that produced only pulses of light?
Theodore H. Maiman
What refers to light that consists of only one frequency?
monochromatic
What refers to light that comes from a single source and in a single wave train with all waves in phase and moving in the same direction?
coherent light
What is the use of laser beams to transmit signals through narrow glass cables called optical fibers?
fiber optics
What is a three-dimensional image produced by laser light?
hologram
Who is the scientist who discovered the special and general theories of relativity and helped discover the wave-particle theory of light?
Albert Einstein
What is the theory that describes the behavior of objects traveling near the speed of light?
special theory of relativity
What is the apparent slowdown in time for a rapidly moving object?
time dilation
What is the apparent contraction in length, which results from the apparent slowdown of time?
Lorentz contraction
What is the theory proposing that gravity in a result of the geometry of space itself?
general theory of relativity
