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Physical Science > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a group of two or more atoms linked by chemical bonds to form distinct units?

A

molecule

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2
Q

What is a combination of chemical symbols and numbers showing the type and number of atoms in each compound?

A

chemical formula

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3
Q

What are substances composed of atoms of two or more elements bonded together?

A

compound

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4
Q

What is the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule?

A

molecular mass

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5
Q

What are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas?

A

isomer

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6
Q

What is a substance that has the same physical properties throughout and consists of only one type of atom, one type of molecule, or one nonmolecular compound; all pure substances are either elements or compounds?

A

pure substance

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7
Q

What is a three-dimensional representation of a molecule that shows its shape and position of its atoms?

A

molecular model

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8
Q

What is a substance that is composed of several pure substances that are physically mixed but not chemically united?

A

mixture

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9
Q

What is a homogeneous mixture that exists because of attraction between atoms, molecules or ions?

A

solution

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10
Q

What is a substance in a solution that is dissolved?

A

solute

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11
Q

What is a substance in a solution that does the dissolving?

A

solvent

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12
Q

What is a substance that has the same physical properties throughout?

A

homogeneous

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13
Q

What describes a mixture in which the molecules of the mixed substances are not completely mixed?

A

heterogeneous

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14
Q

What is a mixture containing tiny suspended clumps or particles?

A

colloid

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15
Q

What is a heterogenous mixture whose particles are large enough that they will settle?

A

suspension

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16
Q

What is an attractive force that links atoms to form molecules and compounds?

A

chemical bond

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17
Q

What is the most important factor affecting how chemical bonds form?

A

the number of electrons in the valence shell

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18
Q

What is a chemical bond resulting from the sharing of electrons between atoms?

A

covalent bond

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19
Q

What does a covalent bond typically form between?

A

two nonmetals

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20
Q

What is a covalent bond involving the sharing of a single pair of electrons?

A

single bond

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21
Q

What is a covalent bond formed by the sharing of two pairs of electrons?

A

double bond

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22
Q

What is covalent bond in which three paris of electrons are shared?

A

triple bond

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23
Q

What is a diagram showing the locations of all the atoms and valence elctrons in a molecule or ion?

A

Lewis structure

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24
Q

What describes electrons that are part of more than one chemical bond, being shared by more than two atoms?

A

delocalized

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25
Q

What is the property of an element that describes how strongly atoms of that element pull on electrons in chemical bonds?

A

electronegativity

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26
Q

What is a covalent bond in which both atoms share their electrons and the electrons are not pulled closer to one atom than to the other?

A

nonpolar bond

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27
Q

What is a covalent bond in which the more electronegative atom pulles the shared electrons toward itself?

A

polar bond

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28
Q

What is a charge less than that of a proton or electron?

A

partial charge

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29
Q

What is a molecule that has opposite partial charges on opposite ends of the molecule; one end of a polar molecule has a negative partial charge, and the other end has a positive partial charge?

A

polar molecule

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30
Q

What is any two-atom molecule with a polar bond?

A

a polar molecule

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31
Q

What is a substance consisting of atoms covalently bonded into a large structure that does not contain a specific number of atoms?

A

covalent network

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32
Q

What is the simplest ratio of atoms in a covalent network (or any other nonmolecular compound)?

A

formula unit

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33
Q

What is the mass of a formula unit?

A

formula mass

34
Q

What is a negative ion?

A

anion

35
Q

What is a positive ion?

A

cation

36
Q

What is a bond formed by the attraction between the oppositely charged ions?

A

ionic bond

37
Q

What is an ion formed from a group of atoms?

A

polyatomic ion

38
Q

What is an orderly geometric arrangement consisting of millions or billions of ions all bonded by electrical attraction”?

A

ionic crystal

39
Q

What is the bonding in metals in which valence electrons are shared by all the atoms in the metal?

A

metallic bonding

40
Q

What is the rule in which the name of the last element in changed to end in -ide?

A

Covalent Bond Rule 1

41
Q

What is the rule in which prefixes are added to each element indicating how many atoms are present?

A

Covalent Bond Rule 2

42
Q

What is the rule in which the names of the ions are listed with the cations first?

A

Ionic Bond Rule 1

43
Q

What is the rule in which the charged of the ions in an ionic compound must add to zero?

A

Ionic Bond Rule 2

44
Q

What is the rule in which an element can form more than one monotonic cation and the charge of the ion is included as a Roman numeral?

A

Ionic Bond Rule 3

45
Q

What are combinations of chemical symbols and numbers showing the type and number of atoms in each compound?

A

chemical formulas

46
Q

What tells how many of each type of atom are in a molecule; covalent networks and ionic compounds do not have molecular formulas because they are not made of molecules?

A

molecular formula

47
Q

What shows the general arrangement of the atoms in a molecule?

A

structural formula

48
Q

What shows only the simplest ratio of atoms in a compound?

A

empirical formula

49
Q

What are the forces that bind molecules to form larger structures?

A

intermolecular forces

50
Q

By causing both cohesion and adhesion in molecular compounds, what do intermolecular forces act as?

A

the “glue” that hold many structures together

51
Q

What are the three categories of intermolecular forces?

A

dipole-dipole forces, London forces, and hydrogen bonds

52
Q

What is the intermolecular force of attraction between oppositely charged ends of polar molecules?

A

dipole-dipole forces

53
Q

What is the weak intermolecular force caused by random shifting of electron clouds and mutual polarization; occurs between all molecules, whether polar or nonpolar?

A

London force

54
Q

What is the strength of the London force proportional to?

A

the size of the molecule

54
Q

What are the only intermolecular forces that affect nonpolar molecules?

A

London forces

55
Q

What is the unusually strong intermolecular force present when hydrogen covalently bonds to a highly electrongenative atom?

A

hydrogen bond

56
Q

What is a repeating unit in a crystalline solid arranged in a three-dimensional pattern?

A

unit cell

56
Q

What are molecules not arranged in a repeating, orderly pattern called?

A

amorphous solids

57
Q

In general, how do the intermolecular forces between the molecules of a solid affect the melting point?

A

the stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the melting point

58
Q

Do nonmolecular substances or molecular substances usually have a higher melting point?

A

nonmolecular substances

59
Q

What does vapor pressure and the boiling point of a molecular substance depend primarily on?

A

on the molecular mass of the molecules and the types of intermolecular forces between them

60
Q

What is a homogeneous mixture?

A

solution

61
Q

What is the substance that does the dissolving in a solution?

A

solute

62
Q

What is the substance that does the dissolving in a solution?

A

solvent

63
Q

Does each type of solution form the same?

A

no

64
Q

When the solute is a solid, can it flow?

A

no

65
Q

What is to break apart into ions when dissolved in water?

A

dissociate

66
Q

What are three ways to increase the rate of dissolving in a solution?

A

increasing the temperature, agitating the solution, or increasing the surface area

67
Q

What is the ability of one substance to dissolve in another substance to form a solution?

A

solubility

68
Q

What means able to dissolve easily in a particular substance?

A

soluble

69
Q

What means not able to dissolve easily in a given substance?

A

insoluble

70
Q

What is a substance that comes out of a solution that has more solute that it can hold through the process of precipitation?

A

precipitate

71
Q

What is the most important factor that affect solubility?

A

the nature of the substances

72
Q

What is a measure of how much solute is dissolved in a given amount of solution?

A

concentration

73
Q

How also can concentration be measured?

A

mass percent

74
Q

What is the unit representing approximately 6.022 × 10²⁸ particles?

A

mole

75
Q

What is a meaure of solution concentration as moles of sultes per some volume of solution?

A

amount concentration

76
Q

What is concentration measured as the mles of a solute in a given mass?

A

molality

77
Q

What is the process of mixing molecules of one substance with another substnace by random molecular motion?

A

diffusion

78
Q

What is one-way diffusion through a semipermeable membrane?

A

osmosis

Physical Science (17 decks)

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