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Physical Science > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a group of two or more atoms linked by chemical bonds to form distinct units?

A

molecule

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2
Q

What is a combination of chemical symbols and numbers showing the type and number of atoms in each compound?

A

chemical formula

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3
Q

What are substances composed of atoms of two or more elements bonded together?

A

compound

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4
Q

What is the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule?

A

molecular mass

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5
Q

What are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas?

A

isomer

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6
Q

What is a substance that has the same physical properties throughout and consists of only one type of atom, one type of molecule, or one nonmolecular compound; all pure substances are either elements or compounds?

A

pure substance

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7
Q

What is a three-dimensional representation of a molecule that shows its shape and position of its atoms?

A

molecular model

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8
Q

What is a substance that is composed of several pure substances that are physically mixed but not chemically united?

A

mixture

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9
Q

What is a homogeneous mixture that exists because of attraction between atoms, molecules or ions?

A

solution

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10
Q

What is a substance in a solution that is dissolved?

A

solute

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11
Q

What is a substance in a solution that does the dissolving?

A

solvent

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12
Q

What is a substance that has the same physical properties throughout?

A

homogeneous

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13
Q

What describes a mixture in which the molecules of the mixed substances are not completely mixed?

A

heterogeneous

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14
Q

What is a mixture containing tiny suspended clumps or particles?

A

colloid

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15
Q

What is a heterogenous mixture whose particles are large enough that they will settle?

A

suspension

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16
Q

What is an attractive force that links atoms to form molecules and compounds?

A

chemical bond

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17
Q

What is the most important factor affecting how chemical bonds form?

A

the number of electrons in the valence shell

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18
Q

What is a chemical bond resulting from the sharing of electrons between atoms?

A

covalent bond

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19
Q

What does a covalent bond typically form between?

A

two nonmetals

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20
Q

What is a covalent bond involving the sharing of a single pair of electrons?

A

single bond

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21
Q

What is a covalent bond formed by the sharing of two pairs of electrons?

A

double bond

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22
Q

What is covalent bond in which three paris of electrons are shared?

A

triple bond

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23
Q

What is a diagram showing the locations of all the atoms and valence elctrons in a molecule or ion?

A

Lewis structure

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24
Q

What describes electrons that are part of more than one chemical bond, being shared by more than two atoms?

A

delocalized

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25
What is the property of an element that describes how strongly atoms of that element pull on electrons in chemical bonds?
electronegativity
26
What is a covalent bond in which both atoms share their electrons and the electrons are not pulled closer to one atom than to the other?
nonpolar bond
27
What is a covalent bond in which the more electronegative atom pulles the shared electrons toward itself?
polar bond
28
What is a charge less than that of a proton or electron?
partial charge
29
What is a molecule that has opposite partial charges on opposite ends of the molecule; one end of a polar molecule has a negative partial charge, and the other end has a positive partial charge?
polar molecule
30
What is any two-atom molecule with a polar bond?
a polar molecule
31
What is a substance consisting of atoms covalently bonded into a large structure that does not contain a specific number of atoms?
covalent network
32
What is the simplest ratio of atoms in a covalent network (or any other nonmolecular compound)?
formula unit
33
What is the mass of a formula unit?
formula mass
34
What is a negative ion?
anion
35
What is a positive ion?
cation
36
What is a bond formed by the attraction between the oppositely charged ions?
ionic bond
37
What is an ion formed from a group of atoms?
polyatomic ion
38
What is an orderly geometric arrangement consisting of millions or billions of ions all bonded by electrical attraction"?
ionic crystal
39
What is the bonding in metals in which valence electrons are shared by all the atoms in the metal?
metallic bonding
40
What is the rule in which the name of the last element in changed to end in -ide?
Covalent Bond Rule 1
41
What is the rule in which prefixes are added to each element indicating how many atoms are present?
Covalent Bond Rule 2
42
What is the rule in which the names of the ions are listed with the cations first?
Ionic Bond Rule 1
43
What is the rule in which the charged of the ions in an ionic compound must add to zero?
Ionic Bond Rule 2
44
What is the rule in which an element can form more than one monotonic cation and the charge of the ion is included as a Roman numeral?
Ionic Bond Rule 3
45
What are combinations of chemical symbols and numbers showing the type and number of atoms in each compound?
chemical formulas
46
What tells how many of each type of atom are in a molecule; covalent networks and ionic compounds do not have molecular formulas because they are not made of molecules?
molecular formula
47
What shows the general arrangement of the atoms in a molecule?
structural formula
48
What shows only the simplest ratio of atoms in a compound?
empirical formula
49
What are the forces that bind molecules to form larger structures?
intermolecular forces
50
By causing both cohesion and adhesion in molecular compounds, what do intermolecular forces act as?
the "glue" that hold many structures together
51
What are the three categories of intermolecular forces?
dipole-dipole forces, London forces, and hydrogen bonds
52
What is the intermolecular force of attraction between oppositely charged ends of polar molecules?
dipole-dipole forces
53
What is the weak intermolecular force caused by random shifting of electron clouds and mutual polarization; occurs between all molecules, whether polar or nonpolar?
London force
54
What is the strength of the London force proportional to?
the size of the molecule
54
What are the only intermolecular forces that affect nonpolar molecules?
London forces
55
What is the unusually strong intermolecular force present when hydrogen covalently bonds to a highly electrongenative atom?
hydrogen bond
56
What is a repeating unit in a crystalline solid arranged in a three-dimensional pattern?
unit cell
56
What are molecules not arranged in a repeating, orderly pattern called?
amorphous solids
57
In general, how do the intermolecular forces between the molecules of a solid affect the melting point?
the stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the melting point
58
Do nonmolecular substances or molecular substances usually have a higher melting point?
nonmolecular substances
59
What does vapor pressure and the boiling point of a molecular substance depend primarily on?
on the molecular mass of the molecules and the types of intermolecular forces between them
60
What is a homogeneous mixture?
solution
61
What is the substance that does the dissolving in a solution?
solute
62
What is the substance that does the dissolving in a solution?
solvent
63
Does each type of solution form the same?
no
64
When the solute is a solid, can it flow?
no
65
What is to break apart into ions when dissolved in water?
dissociate
66
What are three ways to increase the rate of dissolving in a solution?
increasing the temperature, agitating the solution, or increasing the surface area
67
What is the ability of one substance to dissolve in another substance to form a solution?
solubility
68
What means able to dissolve easily in a particular substance?
soluble
69
What means not able to dissolve easily in a given substance?
insoluble
70
What is a substance that comes out of a solution that has more solute that it can hold through the process of precipitation?
precipitate
71
What is the most important factor that affect solubility?
the nature of the substances
72
What is a measure of how much solute is dissolved in a given amount of solution?
concentration
73
How also can concentration be measured?
mass percent
74
What is the unit representing approximately 6.022 × 10²⁸ particles?
mole
75
What is a meaure of solution concentration as moles of sultes per some volume of solution?
amount concentration
76
What is concentration measured as the mles of a solute in a given mass?
molality
77
What is the process of mixing molecules of one substance with another substnace by random molecular motion?
diffusion
78
What is one-way diffusion through a semipermeable membrane?
osmosis

Physical Science (17 decks)

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