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Physical Science > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of the matter and energy and the interactions occurring between them?

A

physics

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2
Q

Whose teachings dominated science for almost 2,000 years?

A

Aristotle

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3
Q

Who viewed the universe, the world, and living things as the special creation of God?

A

Galileo Galilei

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4
Q

Who formulated the three laws of motion and made some of the first detailed investigations into the behavior of light?

A

Sir Isaac Newton

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4
Q

What is the collective term for the branches of physics developed before 1900, including mechanics, thermodynamics, optics, acoustics, and electromagnetism?

A

classical physics

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4
Q

What is the collective term for the branches of the physics developed since 1900, including quantum mechanics, relativity, solid-state matter physics, and particle physics?

A

modern physics

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5
Q

What is a mathematical quantity that had only a magnitude?

A

scalar qunatity

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6
Q

What is a mathematical quantity that has both magnitude and direction?

A

vector quantity

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7
Q

What is a scaler quantity representing the total length of an object’s path?

A

distance

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8
Q

What is a vector representing an object’s change in position?

A

displacement

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9
Q

What is the Greek capital letter used as a symbol to represent the change in a variable?

A

Delta

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10
Q

How can two vectors be combined?

A

vector addition

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11
Q

What is the answer in vector additon?

A

resultant

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12
Q

What describes vectors that are in the same direction or in opposite directions?

A

collinear

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13
Q

What is a state of change of position?

A

motion

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14
Q

What is the study of motion and forces?

A

dynamics

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15
Q

What is the branch of physics that addresses the effects of the forces on matter?

A

mechanics

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16
Q

What is a measure of how quickly an object moves?

A

speed

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17
Q

What is the speed calculated over a distance?

A

average speed

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18
Q

What is any change in velocity?

A

acceleration

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19
Q

What is the change in velocity per unit time?

A

Average acceleration

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20
Q

What is acceleration opposite of motion?

A

deceleration

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21
Q

What is the book by Isaac Newton to explains the three basic laws of motion applying to all objects?

A

Principia

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22
Q

What is the pushing or pulling of an object?

A

force

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23
What is the law stating that the velocity of an object does not change unless acted upon by an outside force?
first law of motion
24
What is the law stating that the force required to acceleration object at a certain rate equals the object's mass times accleration?
second law of motion (F=ma)
25
What is the SI unit of force and weight?
Newton (N)
26
What is the law of motion stating that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction?
third law of motion
27
What is the resultant of adding the individual forces on an object through vector addition?
net force
28
What kind of diagram represents the object and forces on it without considering the causes of the forces or the reaction forces exerted by the object?
free-body diagram
29
What is the law stating that the strength of the gravitational force between two objects is directly proportional to the masses of the two objects are inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them?
law of universal gravitation
30
What is a constant of proportionality in the universal law of gravitation?
gravitational constant
31
What is the amount of gravitational force exerted on an object by the earth or another celestial body?
weight
32
What is the gravitational force exerted on an object near the surface of the earth or any celestial object?
gravity
33
Who was the first to demonstrate that acceleration caused by the earth's gravity is independent of an object's mass?
Galileo
34
What is effectively the constant rate at which an object in free fall accelerates?
acceleration of gravity
35
What is the velocity at which the magnitude of drag equals the object's weight?
terminal velocity
36
What causes an object to travel in a curved pattern rather than a straight line?
centripetal force
37
What is the reaction to the centripetal force?
centrifugal force
38
What is an object that hangs from a fixed point and swings back and forth because of gravity?
pendulum
39
What is the resistance arising due to an object's motion through a fluid or across as surface?
friction
40
What are the two fundamental causes of friction?
attraction and repulsion
41
What is the type of friction that affects sliding objects already in motion?
kinetic friction
42
What is the type of friction that affects stationary objects, preventing them from moving?
static friction
43
What are the only two things that friction depends on?
the weight of the object and the nature of the surfaces in contact
44
What is a transfer of energy from one object to another by a force?
work
45
What is the SI unit of work and energy that is equal to the work done in moving an object a distance of 1m by pushing with a force of 1N?
joule
46
What is the rate of doing work or energy or work done or energy used per unit time?
power
47
What is the unit of power that is one joule of work done in one second?
Watt
48
What is the F.P.S unit that id defined by a horse lifting 550lb a distance 1ft in 1s?
Horsepower
49
What is the product of an object's mass and velocity?
momentum
50
What is the law stating that the momentum of an object is constant unless it gains or loses mass or an outside force acts upon the object?
the law of conservation of momentum
51
What is a device for doing work?
machine
52
What are any of the six basic force-multiplying machines?
simple machines
53
What is the force multiplied to a machine?
input
54
What is the force that a machine applies after multiplication of the input?
output
55
What is the number of times a machine mulitplies the input?
Mechanical advantage (MA)
56
What is the multiplication of a force provided by a machine under ideal conditions?
ideal mechanical conditions (IMA)
57
What is the actual multiplication of force a machine prvides under nonideal conditions?
actual mechanical advantage
58
What is the ratio of work output to work input in a machine?
efficiency
59
What is a simple machine consisting of a rigid bar or beam resting upon a pivot?
lever
60
What is the pivot which the beam of a lever rests?
fulcrum
61
What is the part of a lever from the fulcrum to the input?
input arm
62
What is the part of a lever from the fulcrum to the output?
output arm
63
What is a lever in which the input and output forces are on oppostie sides of the fulcrum?
Class 1 Lever
64
What is a lever in which the fulcrum is at one end of the lever, the input os applied at the other end, and the output is between the input and the fulcrum?
Class 2 Lever
65
What is a lever in which the fulcrum is at one end of the lever, the output is at one end, and the input force is applied between the fulcrum and the output?
Class 3 Lever
66
What is a simple machine in which a force is applied to rotate a wheel or an axle?
wheel and axle
67
What is a simple machine consisting of a wheel over which a rope or cable passes?
pulley
68
What is a pulley that does not move with the load but merely reverses the direction of the input force without multiplying it?
fixed pulley
69
What is a pully directly attached to a moving load?
movable pulley
70
What is a combination of one or more fixed pulleys and one or more moveable pulleys to increase IMA?
Block and Tackle
71
What is a sloping surface that allows an object to be raised without lifting it straight up?
inclined plane
72
What is a special form of inclined plan that modifies the applied force and directs it to the side?
wedge
73
What is a simple machine resembling an inclined plane wrapped around a rod?
screw
74
In a screw, what is the distance from one of the ridges or threads to the next?
pitch

Physical Science (17 decks)

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