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Physical Science > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the study of the matter and energy and the interactions occurring between them?

A

physics

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2
Q

Whose teachings dominated science for almost 2,000 years?

A

Aristotle

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3
Q

Who viewed the universe, the world, and living things as the special creation of God?

A

Galileo Galilei

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4
Q

Who formulated the three laws of motion and made some of the first detailed investigations into the behavior of light?

A

Sir Isaac Newton

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4
Q

What is the collective term for the branches of physics developed before 1900, including mechanics, thermodynamics, optics, acoustics, and electromagnetism?

A

classical physics

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4
Q

What is the collective term for the branches of the physics developed since 1900, including quantum mechanics, relativity, solid-state matter physics, and particle physics?

A

modern physics

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5
Q

What is a mathematical quantity that had only a magnitude?

A

scalar qunatity

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6
Q

What is a mathematical quantity that has both magnitude and direction?

A

vector quantity

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7
Q

What is a scaler quantity representing the total length of an object’s path?

A

distance

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8
Q

What is a vector representing an object’s change in position?

A

displacement

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9
Q

What is the Greek capital letter used as a symbol to represent the change in a variable?

A

Delta

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10
Q

How can two vectors be combined?

A

vector addition

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11
Q

What is the answer in vector additon?

A

resultant

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12
Q

What describes vectors that are in the same direction or in opposite directions?

A

collinear

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13
Q

What is a state of change of position?

A

motion

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14
Q

What is the study of motion and forces?

A

dynamics

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15
Q

What is the branch of physics that addresses the effects of the forces on matter?

A

mechanics

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16
Q

What is a measure of how quickly an object moves?

A

speed

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17
Q

What is the speed calculated over a distance?

A

average speed

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18
Q

What is any change in velocity?

A

acceleration

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19
Q

What is the change in velocity per unit time?

A

Average acceleration

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20
Q

What is acceleration opposite of motion?

A

deceleration

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21
Q

What is the book by Isaac Newton to explains the three basic laws of motion applying to all objects?

A

Principia

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22
Q

What is the pushing or pulling of an object?

A

force

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23
Q

What is the law stating that the velocity of an object does not change unless acted upon by an outside force?

A

first law of motion

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24
Q

What is the law stating that the force required to acceleration object at a certain rate equals the object’s mass times accleration?

A

second law of motion (F=ma)

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25
Q

What is the SI unit of force and weight?

A

Newton (N)

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26
Q

What is the law of motion stating that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction?

A

third law of motion

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27
Q

What is the resultant of adding the individual forces on an object through vector addition?

A

net force

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28
Q

What kind of diagram represents the object and forces on it without considering the causes of the forces or the reaction forces exerted by the object?

A

free-body diagram

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29
Q

What is the law stating that the strength of the gravitational force between two objects is directly proportional to the masses of the two objects are inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them?

A

law of universal gravitation

30
Q

What is a constant of proportionality in the universal law of gravitation?

A

gravitational constant

31
Q

What is the amount of gravitational force exerted on an object by the earth or another celestial body?

A

weight

32
Q

What is the gravitational force exerted on an object near the surface of the earth or any celestial object?

A

gravity

33
Q

Who was the first to demonstrate that acceleration caused by the earth’s gravity is independent of an object’s mass?

A

Galileo

34
Q

What is effectively the constant rate at which an object in free fall accelerates?

A

acceleration of gravity

35
Q

What is the velocity at which the magnitude of drag equals the object’s weight?

A

terminal velocity

36
Q

What causes an object to travel in a curved pattern rather than a straight line?

A

centripetal force

37
Q

What is the reaction to the centripetal force?

A

centrifugal force

38
Q

What is an object that hangs from a fixed point and swings back and forth because of gravity?

A

pendulum

39
Q

What is the resistance arising due to an object’s motion through a fluid or across as surface?

A

friction

40
Q

What are the two fundamental causes of friction?

A

attraction and repulsion

41
Q

What is the type of friction that affects sliding objects already in motion?

A

kinetic friction

42
Q

What is the type of friction that affects stationary objects, preventing them from moving?

A

static friction

43
Q

What are the only two things that friction depends on?

A

the weight of the object and the nature of the surfaces in contact

44
Q

What is a transfer of energy from one object to another by a force?

A

work

45
Q

What is the SI unit of work and energy that is equal to the work done in moving an object a distance of 1m by pushing with a force of 1N?

A

joule

46
Q

What is the rate of doing work or energy or work done or energy used per unit time?

A

power

47
Q

What is the unit of power that is one joule of work done in one second?

A

Watt

48
Q

What is the F.P.S unit that id defined by a horse lifting 550lb a distance 1ft in 1s?

A

Horsepower

49
Q

What is the product of an object’s mass and velocity?

A

momentum

50
Q

What is the law stating that the momentum of an object is constant unless it gains or loses mass or an outside force acts upon the object?

A

the law of conservation of momentum

51
Q

What is a device for doing work?

A

machine

52
Q

What are any of the six basic force-multiplying machines?

A

simple machines

53
Q

What is the force multiplied to a machine?

A

input

54
Q

What is the force that a machine applies after multiplication of the input?

A

output

55
Q

What is the number of times a machine mulitplies the input?

A

Mechanical advantage (MA)

56
Q

What is the multiplication of a force provided by a machine under ideal conditions?

A

ideal mechanical conditions (IMA)

57
Q

What is the actual multiplication of force a machine prvides under nonideal conditions?

A

actual mechanical advantage

58
Q

What is the ratio of work output to work input in a machine?

A

efficiency

59
Q

What is a simple machine consisting of a rigid bar or beam resting upon a pivot?

A

lever

60
Q

What is the pivot which the beam of a lever rests?

A

fulcrum

61
Q

What is the part of a lever from the fulcrum to the input?

A

input arm

62
Q

What is the part of a lever from the fulcrum to the output?

A

output arm

63
Q

What is a lever in which the input and output forces are on oppostie sides of the fulcrum?

A

Class 1 Lever

64
Q

What is a lever in which the fulcrum is at one end of the lever, the input os applied at the other end, and the output is between the input and the fulcrum?

A

Class 2 Lever

65
Q

What is a lever in which the fulcrum is at one end of the lever, the output is at one end, and the input force is applied between the fulcrum and the output?

A

Class 3 Lever

66
Q

What is a simple machine in which a force is applied to rotate a wheel or an axle?

A

wheel and axle

67
Q

What is a simple machine consisting of a wheel over which a rope or cable passes?

A

pulley

68
Q

What is a pulley that does not move with the load but merely reverses the direction of the input force without multiplying it?

A

fixed pulley

69
Q

What is a pully directly attached to a moving load?

A

movable pulley

70
Q

What is a combination of one or more fixed pulleys and one or more moveable pulleys to increase IMA?

A

Block and Tackle

71
Q

What is a sloping surface that allows an object to be raised without lifting it straight up?

A

inclined plane

72
Q

What is a special form of inclined plan that modifies the applied force and directs it to the side?

A

wedge

73
Q

What is a simple machine resembling an inclined plane wrapped around a rod?

A

screw

74
Q

In a screw, what is the distance from one of the ridges or threads to the next?

A

pitch

Physical Science (17 decks)

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