Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is the study of matter and movement of God’s physical creation?
science
What is the orderly process by which scientists investigate the secrets of nature?
scientific method
What may include careful measurement, organization of information, and extensive research into the observations of other scientists?
observation
What is a tentative explanation to a scientific problem?
hypothesis
What is an artificial situation created by scientists to test a hypothesis?
experiment
What is a hypothesis that is able to be proven false?
falsifiable
What is the ability to repeat an experiment multiple times and get the same conclusion?
repeatability
What is the ability of another scientist to reach the same conclusion using the same hypothesis under different conditions?
reproducibility
What is a factor in an experiment that the experimenter can control?
variable
What is a factor in an experiment that is observed or measured to determine the results of the experiment?
dependent variable
What are two methods of inductive reasoning?
method of difference; method of concomitant variation
What is the factor in an experiment that is changed to test the hypothesis?
independent variable
What are all other variables other than the dependent variable?
control variables
What is the group in an experiment on which a test in performed?
experimental group
What is the group in an experiment in which the independent variable is absent?
control group
What is a set of conclusions supported by scientific hypothesis and repeated experimentation that describes why a law works?
theory
What is a statement rounded in a theory of what should naturally occur under a given set of conditions?
law
What is the principle stating that events observed in the universe have rational caused and that the same cause will always have the same effect because the universe is rational?
principle of causality
What is something that is commonly accepted without needing to prove it?
axiom
What are the 4 limitations of science?
Assumptions, bias, approximation, and the scope of science
What is limited to the study of created matter and energy in the present?
scope of science
What is the study of reasoning?
logic
What is a conclusion based on reasoning from evidence?
inference
What is reasoning from evidence to a more specific conclusion?
deductive reasoning
What is a statement of fact in deductive reasoning?
proposition
What type of proposition contains an if/then statement?
hypothetical proposition
(Symbolically: If A, then B.)
What is the “before” or “if” part of a proposition?
antecedent
What is the “after” part of a proposition?
consequent
What is the process of when the consequent of the first proposition is the same as the antecedent of the second proposition?
“Chaining” propositions
(Symbolically: If A, then B. If B, then C. Therefore, if A, then C.)
What is the type of inference in which the consequent must be true because the antecedent is true?
affirming the antecedent
(Symbolically: If A, then B. A is true. Therefore, B is true.)
What is the type of inference in which the antecedent must be false because the consequent is false?
denying the consequent
(Symbolically: If A, then B. B is false. Therefore, A is not true.)
What is the method of inductive reasoning that involves comparing two situations that are the same except for one factor which is present in one situation, but not the other?
method of difference
What is a method of inductive reasoning that involves drawing a conclusion based on the fact that changes in one factor changes another factor in a predicable way?
method of concomitant variation
What describes inference that logically follows from the premises of the argument?
valid
What are the propositions on which the conclusion is based?
premises
What are errors in reasoning?
fallacies
What is the fallacy of trying to make an inference based on the fact that the antecedent is false?
denying the antecedent
What is the fallacy of trying to make an inference based on the fact that the consequent is true?
affirming the consequent
What is the fallacy of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion logically follows from its premises but one of the premises includes the assumption that the conclusion is true?
circular reasoning
What is a fallacy of inductive reasoning in which someone assumes that a change in one factor, just because the second change occurred after the first?
post hoc fallacy
What is the fallacy that occurs when a term is misleadingly used with two different meanings in a single argument?
equivocation
Which fallacy occurs when someone attacks the person making the argument instead of challenging the person’s facts, premises, or reasoning?
ad hominem fallacy
Which fallacy occurs when an argument is based on the support of someone considered an authority instead of being based on facts and sound reason?
argument from authority
What is the use of science to solve practical problems?
technology
What is the development of technology?
engineering
What process do engineers use to develop technology?
engineering design process
What three main components can the engineering design process use?
defining the problem, designing a solution, and evaluating the solution
What are the minimum characteriscs that a design must have to function at all?
criteria
What are any characteristics (other then the criteria) required to solve the problem?
constraints
What is giving up a characteristic that is less important for a characteristic that is more important?
tradeoff
What is a model of the design (or some part of the design) that is used for testing?
prototype
What is anything that provides a partial representation of something else?
model
What is the study of nonliving creation other than the earth and space?
physical science
What can be described as the substance of the physical world?
matter
What is the property of matter that makes it resist changes in motion?
inertia
What is a push or pull?
force
What is the ability to do work?
energy
What properties involves the fact that changes do not change a matter’s substance?
physical properties
When a physical property of matter changes, what does the matter undergo?
physical change
What is the amount of matter in an object?
mass
What is the amount of a gravitational pull on an object?
weight
What is the amount of space that matter takes up?
volume
What is the mass in a certain volume?
density
What state of matter has a definite shape and volume?
solid
What are gases and liquids?
fluids
What has a constant volume?
liquid
What can vary its volume be contracting and expanding?
gas
What is the hotness or coldness of an object?
temperature
What kind of change changes the substance?
chemical change
What is the ability to undergo chemical change determined by?
chemical properties
What is the study of interactions between matter and energy?
physics
What is the fourth state of matter that is a special type of gas that exists at extremely high temperature?
plasma
What is the study of the composition and interactions of matter?
chemistry
