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Physical Science > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the study of matter and movement of God’s physical creation?

A

science

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2
Q

What is the orderly process by which scientists investigate the secrets of nature?

A

scientific method

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3
Q

What may include careful measurement, organization of information, and extensive research into the observations of other scientists?

A

observation

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4
Q

What is a tentative explanation to a scientific problem?

A

hypothesis

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5
Q

What is an artificial situation created by scientists to test a hypothesis?

A

experiment

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6
Q

What is a hypothesis that is able to be proven false?

A

falsifiable

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7
Q

What is the ability to repeat an experiment multiple times and get the same conclusion?

A

repeatability

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8
Q

What is the ability of another scientist to reach the same conclusion using the same hypothesis under different conditions?

A

reproducibility

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9
Q

What is a factor in an experiment that the experimenter can control?

A

variable

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10
Q

What is a factor in an experiment that is observed or measured to determine the results of the experiment?

A

dependent variable

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11
Q

What are two methods of inductive reasoning?

A

method of difference; method of concomitant variation

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12
Q

What is the factor in an experiment that is changed to test the hypothesis?

A

independent variable

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13
Q

What are all other variables other than the dependent variable?

A

control variables

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14
Q

What is the group in an experiment on which a test in performed?

A

experimental group

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15
Q

What is the group in an experiment in which the independent variable is absent?

A

control group

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16
Q

What is a set of conclusions supported by scientific hypothesis and repeated experimentation that describes why a law works?

A

theory

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17
Q

What is a statement rounded in a theory of what should naturally occur under a given set of conditions?

A

law

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18
Q

What is the principle stating that events observed in the universe have rational caused and that the same cause will always have the same effect because the universe is rational?

A

principle of causality

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19
Q

What is something that is commonly accepted without needing to prove it?

A

axiom

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20
Q

What are the 4 limitations of science?

A

Assumptions, bias, approximation, and the scope of science

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21
Q

What is limited to the study of created matter and energy in the present?

A

scope of science

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22
Q

What is the study of reasoning?

A

logic

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23
Q

What is a conclusion based on reasoning from evidence?

A

inference

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24
Q

What is reasoning from evidence to a more specific conclusion?

A

deductive reasoning

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25
Q

What is a statement of fact in deductive reasoning?

A

proposition

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26
Q

What type of proposition contains an if/then statement?

A

hypothetical proposition
(Symbolically: If A, then B.)

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27
Q

What is the “before” or “if” part of a proposition?

A

antecedent

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28
Q

What is the “after” part of a proposition?

A

consequent

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29
Q

What is the process of when the consequent of the first proposition is the same as the antecedent of the second proposition?

A

“Chaining” propositions
(Symbolically: If A, then B. If B, then C. Therefore, if A, then C.)

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30
Q

What is the type of inference in which the consequent must be true because the antecedent is true?

A

affirming the antecedent
(Symbolically: If A, then B. A is true. Therefore, B is true.)

31
Q

What is the type of inference in which the antecedent must be false because the consequent is false?

A

denying the consequent
(Symbolically: If A, then B. B is false. Therefore, A is not true.)

32
Q

What is the method of inductive reasoning that involves comparing two situations that are the same except for one factor which is present in one situation, but not the other?

A

method of difference

33
Q

What is a method of inductive reasoning that involves drawing a conclusion based on the fact that changes in one factor changes another factor in a predicable way?

A

method of concomitant variation

34
Q

What describes inference that logically follows from the premises of the argument?

A

valid

35
Q

What are the propositions on which the conclusion is based?

A

premises

36
Q

What are errors in reasoning?

A

fallacies

37
Q

What is the fallacy of trying to make an inference based on the fact that the antecedent is false?

A

denying the antecedent

38
Q

What is the fallacy of trying to make an inference based on the fact that the consequent is true?

A

affirming the consequent

39
Q

What is the fallacy of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion logically follows from its premises but one of the premises includes the assumption that the conclusion is true?

A

circular reasoning

40
Q

What is a fallacy of inductive reasoning in which someone assumes that a change in one factor, just because the second change occurred after the first?

A

post hoc fallacy

41
Q

What is the fallacy that occurs when a term is misleadingly used with two different meanings in a single argument?

A

equivocation

42
Q

Which fallacy occurs when someone attacks the person making the argument instead of challenging the person’s facts, premises, or reasoning?

A

ad hominem fallacy

43
Q

Which fallacy occurs when an argument is based on the support of someone considered an authority instead of being based on facts and sound reason?

A

argument from authority

44
Q

What is the use of science to solve practical problems?

A

technology

45
Q

What is the development of technology?

A

engineering

46
Q

What process do engineers use to develop technology?

A

engineering design process

47
Q

What three main components can the engineering design process use?

A

defining the problem, designing a solution, and evaluating the solution

48
Q

What are the minimum characteriscs that a design must have to function at all?

A

criteria

49
Q

What are any characteristics (other then the criteria) required to solve the problem?

A

constraints

50
Q

What is giving up a characteristic that is less important for a characteristic that is more important?

A

tradeoff

51
Q

What is a model of the design (or some part of the design) that is used for testing?

A

prototype

52
Q

What is anything that provides a partial representation of something else?

A

model

53
Q

What is the study of nonliving creation other than the earth and space?

A

physical science

54
Q

What can be described as the substance of the physical world?

A

matter

55
Q

What is the property of matter that makes it resist changes in motion?

A

inertia

56
Q

What is a push or pull?

A

force

57
Q

What is the ability to do work?

A

energy

58
Q

What properties involves the fact that changes do not change a matter’s substance?

A

physical properties

59
Q

When a physical property of matter changes, what does the matter undergo?

A

physical change

60
Q

What is the amount of matter in an object?

A

mass

61
Q

What is the amount of a gravitational pull on an object?

A

weight

62
Q

What is the amount of space that matter takes up?

A

volume

63
Q

What is the mass in a certain volume?

A

density

64
Q

What state of matter has a definite shape and volume?

A

solid

65
Q

What are gases and liquids?

A

fluids

66
Q

What has a constant volume?

A

liquid

67
Q

What can vary its volume be contracting and expanding?

A

gas

68
Q

What is the hotness or coldness of an object?

A

temperature

69
Q

What kind of change changes the substance?

A

chemical change

70
Q

What is the ability to undergo chemical change determined by?

A

chemical properties

71
Q

What is the study of interactions between matter and energy?

A

physics

72
Q

What is the fourth state of matter that is a special type of gas that exists at extremely high temperature?

A

plasma

73
Q

What is the study of the composition and interactions of matter?

A

chemistry

Physical Science (17 decks)

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