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Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of matter and movement of God’s physical creation?

A

science

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2
Q

What is the orderly process by which scientists investigate the secrets of nature?

A

scientific method

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3
Q

What may include careful measurement, organization of information, and extensive research into the observations of other scientists?

A

observation

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4
Q

What is a tentative explanation to a scientific problem?

A

hypothesis

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5
Q

What is an artificial situation created by scientists to test a hypothesis?

A

experiment

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6
Q

What is a hypothesis that is able to be proven false?

A

falsifiable

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7
Q

What is the ability to repeat an experiment multiple times and get the same conclusion?

A

repeatability

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8
Q

What is the ability of another scientist to reach the same conclusion using the same hypothesis under different conditions?

A

reproducibility

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9
Q

What is a factor in an experiment that the experimenter can control?

A

variable

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10
Q

What is a factor in an experiment that is observed or measured to determine the results of the experiment?

A

dependent variable

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11
Q

What are two methods of inductive reasoning?

A

method of difference; method of concomitant variation

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12
Q

What is the factor in an experiment that is changed to test the hypothesis?

A

independent variable

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13
Q

What are all other variables other than the dependent variable?

A

control variables

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14
Q

What is the group in an experiment on which a test in performed?

A

experimental group

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15
Q

What is the group in an experiment in which the independent variable is absent?

A

control group

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16
Q

What is a set of conclusions supported by scientific hypothesis and repeated experimentation that describes why a law works?

A

theory

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17
Q

What is a statement rounded in a theory of what should naturally occur under a given set of conditions?

A

law

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18
Q

What is the principle stating that events observed in the universe have rational caused and that the same cause will always have the same effect because the universe is rational?

A

principle of causality

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19
Q

What is something that is commonly accepted without needing to prove it?

A

axiom

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20
Q

What are the 4 limitations of science?

A

Assumptions, bias, approximation, and the scope of science

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21
Q

What is limited to the study of created matter and energy in the present?

A

scope of science

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22
Q

What is the study of reasoning?

A

logic

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23
Q

What is a conclusion based on reasoning from evidence?

A

inference

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24
Q

What is reasoning from evidence to a more specific conclusion?

A

deductive reasoning

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25
What is a statement of fact in deductive reasoning?
proposition
26
What type of proposition contains an if/then statement?
hypothetical proposition (Symbolically: If A, then B.)
27
What is the "before" or "if" part of a proposition?
antecedent
28
What is the "after" part of a proposition?
consequent
29
What is the process of when the consequent of the first proposition is the same as the antecedent of the second proposition?
"Chaining" propositions (Symbolically: If A, then B. If B, then C. Therefore, if A, then C.)
30
What is the type of inference in which the consequent must be true because the antecedent is true?
affirming the antecedent (Symbolically: If A, then B. A is true. Therefore, B is true.)
31
What is the type of inference in which the antecedent must be false because the consequent is false?
denying the consequent (Symbolically: If A, then B. B is false. Therefore, A is not true.)
32
What is the method of inductive reasoning that involves comparing two situations that are the same except for one factor which is present in one situation, but not the other?
method of difference
33
What is a method of inductive reasoning that involves drawing a conclusion based on the fact that changes in one factor changes another factor in a predicable way?
method of concomitant variation
34
What describes inference that logically follows from the premises of the argument?
valid
35
What are the propositions on which the conclusion is based?
premises
36
What are errors in reasoning?
fallacies
37
What is the fallacy of trying to make an inference based on the fact that the antecedent is false?
denying the antecedent
38
What is the fallacy of trying to make an inference based on the fact that the consequent is true?
affirming the consequent
39
What is the fallacy of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion logically follows from its premises but one of the premises includes the assumption that the conclusion is true?
circular reasoning
40
What is a fallacy of inductive reasoning in which someone assumes that a change in one factor, just because the second change occurred after the first?
post hoc fallacy
41
What is the fallacy that occurs when a term is misleadingly used with two different meanings in a single argument?
equivocation
42
Which fallacy occurs when someone attacks the person making the argument instead of challenging the person's facts, premises, or reasoning?
ad hominem fallacy
43
Which fallacy occurs when an argument is based on the support of someone considered an authority instead of being based on facts and sound reason?
argument from authority
44
What is the use of science to solve practical problems?
technology
45
What is the development of technology?
engineering
46
What process do engineers use to develop technology?
engineering design process
47
What three main components can the engineering design process use?
defining the problem, designing a solution, and evaluating the solution
48
What are the minimum characteriscs that a design must have to function at all?
criteria
49
What are any characteristics (other then the criteria) required to solve the problem?
constraints
50
What is giving up a characteristic that is less important for a characteristic that is more important?
tradeoff
51
What is a model of the design (or some part of the design) that is used for testing?
prototype
52
What is anything that provides a partial representation of something else?
model
53
What is the study of nonliving creation other than the earth and space?
physical science
54
What can be described as the substance of the physical world?
matter
55
What is the property of matter that makes it resist changes in motion?
inertia
56
What is a push or pull?
force
57
What is the ability to do work?
energy
58
What properties involves the fact that changes do not change a matter's substance?
physical properties
59
When a physical property of matter changes, what does the matter undergo?
physical change
60
What is the amount of matter in an object?
mass
61
What is the amount of a gravitational pull on an object?
weight
62
What is the amount of space that matter takes up?
volume
63
What is the mass in a certain volume?
density
64
What state of matter has a definite shape and volume?
solid
65
What are gases and liquids?
fluids
66
What has a constant volume?
liquid
67
What can vary its volume be contracting and expanding?
gas
68
What is the hotness or coldness of an object?
temperature
69
What kind of change changes the substance?
chemical change
70
What is the ability to undergo chemical change determined by?
chemical properties
71
What is the study of interactions between matter and energy?
physics
72
What is the fourth state of matter that is a special type of gas that exists at extremely high temperature?
plasma
73
What is the study of the composition and interactions of matter?
chemistry

Physical Science (17 decks)

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