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Physical Science > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a periodic oscillation that transmits energy?

A

wave

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2
Q

What is a substance through which a wave transfers its energy?

A

medium (plural media)

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3
Q

What is a wave in which particles of the transmitting medium oscillate at right angles to the direction of wave travel?

A

transverse wave

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4
Q

What is the high point of a wave train?

A

crest

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5
Q

What is the low point of a wave train?

A

trough

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6
Q

What is a wave in which particles of the transmitting medium oscillate in the direction of wave medium?

A

longitudinal wave

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7
Q

What is the pulse of a longitudinal wave in which the particles of the transmitting medium are squeezed together?

A

compression pulse

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8
Q

What is the pulse of a longitudinal wave in which particles of the transmitting medium are spread out?

A

rarefaction pulse

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9
Q

What is an oscillation caused by a restorative force that is proportional to the displacement from equilibrium?

A

simple harmonic motion

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10
Q

What is the length of a single wave?

A

wavelength

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11
Q

What is the maximum distance that particles are displaced by a wave?

A

amplitude

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12
Q

What is a the number of waves that pass through a given point per unit time?

A

frequency (f)

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13
Q

What is the SI unit of frequency, equal to one wave or cycle per second?

A

Hertz (Hz)

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14
Q

What is the time needed for one cycle of a repeating process like the swing of a pendulum or the passing of a wave?

A

period

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15
Q

What is the rate at which a wave travels through a medium?

A

speed

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16
Q

What is a change (turning back) in the course of a wave as a result of a collision with another object or boundary?

A

reflection

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17
Q

What are waves that strike a boundary?

A

incident waves

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18
Q

What are waves that “bounce” off the boundary?

A

reflected waves

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19
Q

What is the law stating that the angle at which an incident wave strikes an obstacle, is the same as the angle at which the reflected waves bounce off the obstacle?

A

law of reflection

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20
Q

What is the bending of a path of a wave as a result of a change in wave speed?

A

refraction

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21
Q

What is the spreading out of a wave after it passes around an obstacle or through a narrow gap?

A

diffraction

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22
Q

What is the mutual reinforcement or cancellation that occurs when two or more waves meet?

A

interference

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23
Q

What type of interference occurs when two crests of two troughs meet?

A

constructive interference

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24
Q

What type of interference occurs when a crest and a trough meet?

A

destructive intereference

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25
Q

What type of interference occurs when waves completely cancel each other out?

A

complete destructive interference

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26
Q

What is the vibration traveling through a medium in the form of longitudinal pressure waves?

A

sound

27
Q

What are the three smallest bones in the body that help amplify sounds?

A

hammer, anvil, stirrup (malleus, incus, stapes)

28
Q

What is the strength of a sound wave?

A

intensity

29
Q

What is the effect of the intensity of the way the human ear perceives sound?

A

loudness

30
Q

What is a measure of the sound of the intensity that better reflects perceived sound?

A

sound intensity level

31
Q

What are the units of sound that are 1/10 of a Bell?

A

decibel

32
Q

What is the effect of frequency on the way the human ear perceives sound?

A

pitch

33
Q

What is the sound in the frequency range of human hearing?

A

audible sound

34
Q

What is the sound with pitches below the audible range?

A

infrasonic sound

35
Q

What is sound with pitches above the audible range?

A

ultrasonic sound

36
Q

What is a U-shape piece of high-quality metal alloy and a handle?

A

tuning fork

37
Q

What is the change in frequency caused by an object’s motion?

A

Doppler effect

38
Q

What is the main factor affecting the speed of sound in air?

A

the temperature of the air

39
Q

What is the term used to refer to a speed above the speed of sound?

A

supersonic

40
Q

What is the term used to refer to a speed below the speed of sound?

A

subsonic

41
Q

What is a violent compression pulse produced by constructive interference between waves produced by an object moving at supersonic speeds?

A

shock wave

42
Q

What is a loud noise caused by the shock wave from an object traveling at supersonic speeds?

A

sonic boom

43
Q

What are multiple reflections that cause a persistence of sound?

A

reverberation

43
Q

What is a sound heard distinctly after being reflected from some object?

A

echo

44
Q

What is a system that emits sound waves underwater and analyzes the echos reflected from submerged objects to determine the size, distance, and direction?

A

sonar

45
Q

What is the procedure for calculating distance by measuring the time interval that elapses between the sending of a sound wave and the return of an echo?

A

echo ranging

46
Q

What is the process of dissipating the energy of sound waves in matter?

A

absorption

47
Q

What is the study of sound?

A

acoustics

48
Q

What is a series of organized sound waves with specific pitches that have been deliberately arranged?

A

music

49
Q

What is random sound with no intended pattern?

A

noise

50
Q

What is a sound of definite pitch?

A

note

51
Q

What is the difference in pitch between a musical note and a second note that has twice the frequency of the first note?

A

octave

52
Q

What is the result of two musical notes interfering harmoniously?

A

consonance

53
Q

What is the result of two musical notes interfering in a disagreeable way?

A

dissonance

54
Q

What is the musical distance between the two notes?

A

interval

55
Q

What si a burst of louder sound occurring when interfering sound waves are perceived as an interfering sound?

A

beat

56
Q

What is the lowest-frequency of the two different sounds produced when an instrument plays a note; usually the same pitch as being played?

A

fundamental

57
Q

What are any of the sounds that are produced when an instrument plays a musical note and that are at higher frequencies than the fundamental?

A

overtone

58
Q

What is the series showing the relationships between a between a fundamental and its overtones?

A

harmonic series

59
Q

What is the sound quality of a musical instrument?

A

timbre

60
Q

What is any frequency in the set of frequencies at which an object vibrates?

A

natural frequency

61
Q

What is a situation in which a driving frequency of an object is the same or nearly the same as an object’s natural frequencies?

A

ressonance

62
Q

What is an opening in a hollow-bodied musical instrument that reverberates the sound waves produced by the instrument to make the sound louder by resonance?

A

resonator

Physical Science (17 decks)

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