Chapter 15 Flashcards
1
Q
What is a chemical change resulting from a collision between atoms or molecules?
A
chemical reaction
2
Q
What are the original substances that undergo a chemical reaction?
A
reactants
3
Q
What are the new substances produced by the reaction?
A
products
4
Q
What are some observations that indicate that a chemical reaction has occurred?
A
- change in color
- formation of a gas
- formation of a precipitate
- release or absorption of energy
5
Q
What is an expression that uses chemical symbols to represent a chemical reaction?
A
chemical equation
6
Q
What is the number before each chemical formula that indicates how many molecular or formula units of that substance are involved in the reaction?
A
coefficient
7
Q
What indicates the number of atoms of each element in the molecule or formula unit?
A
the subscripts in each molecular formula
8
Q
What is the law that states that the total mass of the reactants is equal to the total mass of the products?
A
law of conservation of mass
9
Q
What is a substance that is consumed in a chemical reaction?
A
reactant
10
Q
What is a substance that is formed during a chemical reaction?
A
product
11
Q
What is a chemical equation that has the same number of atoms of each element on each side of the arrow?
A
balanced chemical equation
12
Q
What must you change in a chemical formula to make it balanced?
A
the coefficients, not the subscripts
13
Q
What is a chemical reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new substance, sometimes called a synthesis reaction?
A
combination reaction
14
Q
What is a chemical reaction in which a compound breaks down, or decomposes, to form differeent substances?
A
decomposition reaction
15
Q
What is a chemical reaction in which a compound is replaced by another element, also called a substitution reaction?
A
single-displacement reactions
16
Q
What is a chemical reaction in which two compound exchanges atoms or ions?
A
double-displacement reaction
17
Q
What is the study of the relationships between chemical reactions and the law of thermodynamincs?
A
chemical thermodynamics
18
Q
What is a form of potential energy that may be released as thermal energy when molecules combine ro break apart?
A
chemical energy
19
Q
What is the law that states that the energy gained or lost by a system equals the energy lost or gained by the surroundings?
A
first law of thermodynamics
20
Q
What is a chemical reaction that releases thermal energy?
A
exothermic reaction
21
Q
What is a chemical reaction that causes thermal energy to be absorbed and stored in the chemical bonds of the products?
A
endothermic reaction
22
Q
What is the law that requires that every chemical reaction must cause a decrease in usable energy and an increase in entropy?
A
second law of thermodynamics
23
Q
How can the entropy of the products be lower that the entropy of the reactants?
A
if the surroundings increases by a greater amount of entropy
24
Q
What means able to occur by itself without continuing outside help?
A
spontaneous
25
What is the area of chemistry that addresses the rates of chemical reactions?
chemical kinetics
26
What are the five main factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions?
- activation energy
- temperature
- solution concentration and gas pressure
- surface area
- the pressure of a catalyst
27
What is the kinetic energy necessary for molecules to chemically react?
activation energy
28
What is substance that alters the rate of a chemical reaction without being permanently changed in the reaction?
catalyst
29
What is a catalyst present in a reaction written in a chemical equation?
above the arrow
30
What is a reaction that, under the right conditions, can be made to go "backward"?
reversible reaction
31
What is it called when both reactions occur at the same rate?
chemical equilibrium
32
What is the principle stating when a system at equilibrium is disturbed, the system will react to at least partially offset that disturbance?
Le Châtelier's principle
33
What are two common types of disturbances that can affect and equilibrium system?
a change in concentration and changing the pressure of the system by changing the volume
34
What is any ionic compound that does not contain a hydrogen ion (H⁺) or hydroxide ion (OH⁻)?
salt
35
What are some characteristics of an acid?
- have a sour taste
- causes litmus to turn red
36
What are some characteristics of a base?
- are slippery to the touch
- have a bitter taste
- causes litmus to turn blue
37
What is any substance that produces hydrogen cations when dissolved in aqueous solutions?
acid
38
What is any substance that produces hydroxide anions in aqueous solutions?
base
39
What are substances that are neither acids nor bases; does not produce H⁺ or OH⁻ when dissolved in water?
neutral substances
40
What are H₃O⁺ ions formed by H⁺ ions attaching themselves to water in an aqueous solution?
oxonium ions
41
What is a substance that can produce oxonium ions?
acid
42
What is a substance that completely dissociates to form oxonium ions and another ion?
strong acid
43
What is a substance that only partially dissociates to form ions?
weak acid
44
What are bases that completely dissociate or react to form hydroxide ions when dissolved in aqueous solutions?
strong base
45
What are substances that only partially ionize in a solution to produce hydroxide ions?
weak base
46
What is a reaction that occurs when a strong and acid reacts with a strong base?
neutralization reaction
47
What has an unusual property to react with itself very slightly to form oxonium and hydroxide ions?
water
48
What can be used to measure the acidity or basicity of a solution?
the concentration of oxonium
49
What is a scale that indirectly represents oxonium concentration using power of 10?
pH scale
50
What is a substance that changes color depending on the pH of a solution?
acid-base indicator
51
What is any solution that resists changes in pH because it contains a weak acid and one of its basic slats or a weak base and one of its acidic salts?
buffer
52
What is the process in which an atoms loses electrons in a reaction?
oxidation
53
What is the process in which an atoms gains electrons in a reaction?
reduction
54
What are reactions in which electrons are transferred between atoms?
redox reactions
55
What is the study of electrochemical reactions?
electrochemistry
56
What are chemical reactions that involve an electric current?
electrochemical reaction
57
What is a substance that conducts electricity through the movement of ions?
electrolyte
58
What is a device designed to produce an electrochemical reaction?
electrochemical cell
59
What is the electrode at which oxidation occurs?
anode
60
What is the electrode at which reudction occurs?
cathode
61
What is a method of initiating a chemical reaction that would not otherwise occur by passing an electric current through an electrolytic solution?
electrolysis
62
What is an electrochemical cell that produces a chemical reaction through electrolysis?
electrolytic cell
63
What is the process in which a thin coating of metal is formed on an object by electrolysis?
electroplating
64
What is a nonchargeable electrochemical cell in which a chemical reaction produces electricity?
voltaic cell
65
What is the most common type of voltaic cell?
alkaline cell
66
What is a cuurent-producing electrochemical cell that can be recharges with electricity from an outside source?
storage cell
67
What is an electrochemical cell that is designed to have reactants continually replenished from an outside source?
fuel cell
68
What is the study of compounds containing carbon?
organic chemistry
69
How many covalent bonds can carbon form?
4
70
What is the element that forms more compounds that all the other elements combined?
carbon
71
What can bond to form compounds of many different shapes?
carbon
72
What types of bonds can carbon form with other atoms?
single, double, and triple
73
What is a compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon?
hydrocarbon
74
What is a hydrocarbon having only single bonds between carbon atoms?
alkane
75
What do al alkanes end with?
-ane
76
What is an alkane that has branches names after?
the parent hydrocarbon
77
What is the longest chain of carbon atoms to which the branches are attached?
parent hydrocarbon
78
What is a hydrocarbon containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms?
alkene
79
What describes molecules that are ring-shaped?
cyclic
80
What is an organic compound consisting of a cyclic structure with delocalized electrons?
aromatic compound
81
What is a hydrocarbon that has one or more hydrogen atoms replaced with different atoms or groups of atoms?
substituted hydrocarbons
82
What is a group of atoms capable of replacing a hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon?
functional group
83
What are alkanes with one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by halogen atoms?
haloalkane
84
What is an organic compound with one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by an -OH group?
alcohol
85
What is a functional group -COOH, found in carboxylic acids?
carboxyl group
86
What is a type of organic compound in which a hydrocarbon replaces the hydrogen atoms of a carboxyl group (often abbreviated as -COO-)?
ester
87
What is a salt containing a carboxylate ion?
soap
88
What is a huge organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules linked together?
polymer
89
What is any of the smaller molecules that are joined together to make up a polymer?
monomer
90
What is the chemical process that produces polymers?
polymerization
91
What is the study of the chemistry of living things?
biochemistry
92
What are the compounds that provide most of the energy for living things an contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in about a 1:2:1 ratio?
carbohydrates
93
What is any relatively small carbohydrate that contains up to about ten rings of atoms?
sugar
94
What is any carbohydrate with only one ring of atoms per molecule?
monosaccharide
95
What is an important six-carbon sugar found in both animals and plants?
glucose
96
What is the process that green plants use to produce glucose from carbon dioxide, water, and the energy of the sun?
photosynthesis
97
What is any carbohydrate consisting of two monosaccharide molecules linked together to form a larger molecule?
disaccharide
98
What are any of the large carbohydrate polymers formed when hundred or thousands of monosaccharides are linked together?
polysaccharide
99
What is a common polysaccharide used by plants for food storage?
starch
100
What is a common polysaccharide used by animals and people for food storage?
glycogen
101
What is a polysaccharide that forms the walls of plant calls and gives plants and tress their rigid structure?
cellulose
102
What is a group of biological compounds characterized by insolubility in water?
lipids
103
What is a simple lipid molecule that resembles a rod of carbon and hydrogen atoms attached to a carboxylic acid "handle"?
fatty acid
104
What is a molecule consisting of three fatty acid "rods" with their "handles" attached to a single molecule of glycerol?
fat
105
What is a fat in which the carbon atoms contain as many hydrogen atoms as they can accommodate?
saturated fat
106
What is a fat that has fewer hydrogen atoms than saturates fats because of one or more double bonds between carbon atoms and includes monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats?
unsaturated fats
107
Which fats are animal based and are solid at room temperature?
saturated fat
108
Which fats are typically liquid at room temperature and are mostly plant based?
unsaturated fats
109
What is a lipid that is used by our bodies to make bile, vitamin D, cell membranes, and hormones?
cholesterol
110
What are important chemical messengers?
hormones
111
What is a globule of cholesterol encases in as membrane made of lipids and proteins?
lipoprotein
112
What is a lipoprotein in the bloodstream that can cause diseases of the heart and arteries?
low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
113
What is another type of lipoprotein that actually reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases?
high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
114
What is a complex organic molecule used to build and maintain living cells?
protein
115
What is any of the substances that are the "building blocks" of proteins?
amino acid
116
What is a type of chemical bond that links amino acids together into proteins?
peptide bond
117
What is a type of protein that remains fairly straight after completion?
fibrous protein
118
What is a type of protein that "folds up," coiling in upon itself and locking into place when it reaches the proper shape?
globular protein
119
What is the type of protein that has intricate three-dimensional shapes?
globular proteins
120
What is a special globular protein that initiates or regulates a chemical reaction within the cell?
enzyme
121
What is any member of the important group of chemicals that contain the plans, or blueprints, that guide the construction of all protein in the cell?
nucleic acid
122
What is the cell's "master program;" a large molecule that contains the information of the cell?
DNA
123
What is the passing of traits from one gereation to another?
heredity
124
What is any nitrogen-containing group in a DNA molecule that forms the "rungs" of the double helix?
base
125
What are the four different types of bases in a molecule of DNA?
guanine, citosine, adenine, and thymine
126
What is the "twisted ladder" structure of DNA?
double helix
127
What is a segment of DNA containing code for a specific substnace, task, or characteristic?
gene
128
What is a "working copy" of the genetic information that contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose?
RNA
129
What is the process by which the body produces and uses energy from food?
metabolism
130
What is the process by which a cell burns glucose within special power plants called mitochondria to release usable energy?
cellular respiration
131
What is the chemical that serves as the energy carrier of the cell and a convenient form for the temporary storage of chemical energy?
ATP
