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Physical Science > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a chemical change resulting from a collision between atoms or molecules?

A

chemical reaction

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2
Q

What are the original substances that undergo a chemical reaction?

A

reactants

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3
Q

What are the new substances produced by the reaction?

A

products

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4
Q

What are some observations that indicate that a chemical reaction has occurred?

A
  • change in color
  • formation of a gas
  • formation of a precipitate
  • release or absorption of energy
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5
Q

What is an expression that uses chemical symbols to represent a chemical reaction?

A

chemical equation

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6
Q

What is the number before each chemical formula that indicates how many molecular or formula units of that substance are involved in the reaction?

A

coefficient

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7
Q

What indicates the number of atoms of each element in the molecule or formula unit?

A

the subscripts in each molecular formula

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8
Q

What is the law that states that the total mass of the reactants is equal to the total mass of the products?

A

law of conservation of mass

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9
Q

What is a substance that is consumed in a chemical reaction?

A

reactant

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10
Q

What is a substance that is formed during a chemical reaction?

A

product

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11
Q

What is a chemical equation that has the same number of atoms of each element on each side of the arrow?

A

balanced chemical equation

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12
Q

What must you change in a chemical formula to make it balanced?

A

the coefficients, not the subscripts

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13
Q

What is a chemical reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new substance, sometimes called a synthesis reaction?

A

combination reaction

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14
Q

What is a chemical reaction in which a compound breaks down, or decomposes, to form differeent substances?

A

decomposition reaction

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15
Q

What is a chemical reaction in which a compound is replaced by another element, also called a substitution reaction?

A

single-displacement reactions

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16
Q

What is a chemical reaction in which two compound exchanges atoms or ions?

A

double-displacement reaction

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17
Q

What is the study of the relationships between chemical reactions and the law of thermodynamincs?

A

chemical thermodynamics

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18
Q

What is a form of potential energy that may be released as thermal energy when molecules combine ro break apart?

A

chemical energy

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19
Q

What is the law that states that the energy gained or lost by a system equals the energy lost or gained by the surroundings?

A

first law of thermodynamics

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20
Q

What is a chemical reaction that releases thermal energy?

A

exothermic reaction

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21
Q

What is a chemical reaction that causes thermal energy to be absorbed and stored in the chemical bonds of the products?

A

endothermic reaction

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22
Q

What is the law that requires that every chemical reaction must cause a decrease in usable energy and an increase in entropy?

A

second law of thermodynamics

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23
Q

How can the entropy of the products be lower that the entropy of the reactants?

A

if the surroundings increases by a greater amount of entropy

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24
Q

What means able to occur by itself without continuing outside help?

A

spontaneous

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25
Q

What is the area of chemistry that addresses the rates of chemical reactions?

A

chemical kinetics

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26
Q

What are the five main factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions?

A
  • activation energy
  • temperature
  • solution concentration and gas pressure
  • surface area
  • the pressure of a catalyst
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27
Q

What is the kinetic energy necessary for molecules to chemically react?

A

activation energy

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28
Q

What is substance that alters the rate of a chemical reaction without being permanently changed in the reaction?

A

catalyst

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29
Q

What is a catalyst present in a reaction written in a chemical equation?

A

above the arrow

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30
Q

What is a reaction that, under the right conditions, can be made to go “backward”?

A

reversible reaction

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31
Q

What is it called when both reactions occur at the same rate?

A

chemical equilibrium

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32
Q

What is the principle stating when a system at equilibrium is disturbed, the system will react to at least partially offset that disturbance?

A

Le Châtelier’s principle

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33
Q

What are two common types of disturbances that can affect and equilibrium system?

A

a change in concentration and changing the pressure of the system by changing the volume

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34
Q

What is any ionic compound that does not contain a hydrogen ion (H⁺) or hydroxide ion (OH⁻)?

A

salt

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35
Q

What are some characteristics of an acid?

A
  • have a sour taste
  • causes litmus to turn red
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36
Q

What are some characteristics of a base?

A
  • are slippery to the touch
  • have a bitter taste
  • causes litmus to turn blue
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37
Q

What is any substance that produces hydrogen cations when dissolved in aqueous solutions?

A

acid

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38
Q

What is any substance that produces hydroxide anions in aqueous solutions?

A

base

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39
Q

What are substances that are neither acids nor bases; does not produce H⁺ or OH⁻ when dissolved in water?

A

neutral substances

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40
Q

What are H₃O⁺ ions formed by H⁺ ions attaching themselves to water in an aqueous solution?

A

oxonium ions

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41
Q

What is a substance that can produce oxonium ions?

A

acid

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42
Q

What is a substance that completely dissociates to form oxonium ions and another ion?

A

strong acid

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43
Q

What is a substance that only partially dissociates to form ions?

A

weak acid

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44
Q

What are bases that completely dissociate or react to form hydroxide ions when dissolved in aqueous solutions?

A

strong base

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45
Q

What are substances that only partially ionize in a solution to produce hydroxide ions?

A

weak base

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46
Q

What is a reaction that occurs when a strong and acid reacts with a strong base?

A

neutralization reaction

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47
Q

What has an unusual property to react with itself very slightly to form oxonium and hydroxide ions?

A

water

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48
Q

What can be used to measure the acidity or basicity of a solution?

A

the concentration of oxonium

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49
Q

What is a scale that indirectly represents oxonium concentration using power of 10?

A

pH scale

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50
Q

What is a substance that changes color depending on the pH of a solution?

A

acid-base indicator

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51
Q

What is any solution that resists changes in pH because it contains a weak acid and one of its basic slats or a weak base and one of its acidic salts?

A

buffer

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52
Q

What is the process in which an atoms loses electrons in a reaction?

A

oxidation

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53
Q

What is the process in which an atoms gains electrons in a reaction?

A

reduction

54
Q

What are reactions in which electrons are transferred between atoms?

A

redox reactions

55
Q

What is the study of electrochemical reactions?

A

electrochemistry

56
Q

What are chemical reactions that involve an electric current?

A

electrochemical reaction

57
Q

What is a substance that conducts electricity through the movement of ions?

A

electrolyte

58
Q

What is a device designed to produce an electrochemical reaction?

A

electrochemical cell

59
Q

What is the electrode at which oxidation occurs?

A

anode

60
Q

What is the electrode at which reudction occurs?

A

cathode

61
Q

What is a method of initiating a chemical reaction that would not otherwise occur by passing an electric current through an electrolytic solution?

A

electrolysis

62
Q

What is an electrochemical cell that produces a chemical reaction through electrolysis?

A

electrolytic cell

63
Q

What is the process in which a thin coating of metal is formed on an object by electrolysis?

A

electroplating

64
Q

What is a nonchargeable electrochemical cell in which a chemical reaction produces electricity?

A

voltaic cell

65
Q

What is the most common type of voltaic cell?

A

alkaline cell

66
Q

What is a cuurent-producing electrochemical cell that can be recharges with electricity from an outside source?

A

storage cell

67
Q

What is an electrochemical cell that is designed to have reactants continually replenished from an outside source?

A

fuel cell

68
Q

What is the study of compounds containing carbon?

A

organic chemistry

69
Q

How many covalent bonds can carbon form?

A

4

70
Q

What is the element that forms more compounds that all the other elements combined?

A

carbon

71
Q

What can bond to form compounds of many different shapes?

A

carbon

72
Q

What types of bonds can carbon form with other atoms?

A

single, double, and triple

73
Q

What is a compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon?

A

hydrocarbon

74
Q

What is a hydrocarbon having only single bonds between carbon atoms?

A

alkane

75
Q

What do al alkanes end with?

A

-ane

76
Q

What is an alkane that has branches names after?

A

the parent hydrocarbon

77
Q

What is the longest chain of carbon atoms to which the branches are attached?

A

parent hydrocarbon

78
Q

What is a hydrocarbon containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms?

A

alkene

79
Q

What describes molecules that are ring-shaped?

A

cyclic

80
Q

What is an organic compound consisting of a cyclic structure with delocalized electrons?

A

aromatic compound

81
Q

What is a hydrocarbon that has one or more hydrogen atoms replaced with different atoms or groups of atoms?

A

substituted hydrocarbons

82
Q

What is a group of atoms capable of replacing a hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon?

A

functional group

83
Q

What are alkanes with one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by halogen atoms?

A

haloalkane

84
Q

What is an organic compound with one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by an -OH group?

A

alcohol

85
Q

What is a functional group -COOH, found in carboxylic acids?

A

carboxyl group

86
Q

What is a type of organic compound in which a hydrocarbon replaces the hydrogen atoms of a carboxyl group (often abbreviated as -COO-)?

A

ester

87
Q

What is a salt containing a carboxylate ion?

A

soap

88
Q

What is a huge organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules linked together?

A

polymer

89
Q

What is any of the smaller molecules that are joined together to make up a polymer?

A

monomer

90
Q

What is the chemical process that produces polymers?

A

polymerization

91
Q

What is the study of the chemistry of living things?

A

biochemistry

92
Q

What are the compounds that provide most of the energy for living things an contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in about a 1:2:1 ratio?

A

carbohydrates

93
Q

What is any relatively small carbohydrate that contains up to about ten rings of atoms?

A

sugar

94
Q

What is any carbohydrate with only one ring of atoms per molecule?

A

monosaccharide

95
Q

What is an important six-carbon sugar found in both animals and plants?

A

glucose

96
Q

What is the process that green plants use to produce glucose from carbon dioxide, water, and the energy of the sun?

A

photosynthesis

97
Q

What is any carbohydrate consisting of two monosaccharide molecules linked together to form a larger molecule?

A

disaccharide

98
Q

What are any of the large carbohydrate polymers formed when hundred or thousands of monosaccharides are linked together?

A

polysaccharide

99
Q

What is a common polysaccharide used by plants for food storage?

A

starch

100
Q

What is a common polysaccharide used by animals and people for food storage?

A

glycogen

101
Q

What is a polysaccharide that forms the walls of plant calls and gives plants and tress their rigid structure?

A

cellulose

102
Q

What is a group of biological compounds characterized by insolubility in water?

A

lipids

103
Q

What is a simple lipid molecule that resembles a rod of carbon and hydrogen atoms attached to a carboxylic acid “handle”?

A

fatty acid

104
Q

What is a molecule consisting of three fatty acid “rods” with their “handles” attached to a single molecule of glycerol?

A

fat

105
Q

What is a fat in which the carbon atoms contain as many hydrogen atoms as they can accommodate?

A

saturated fat

106
Q

What is a fat that has fewer hydrogen atoms than saturates fats because of one or more double bonds between carbon atoms and includes monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats?

A

unsaturated fats

107
Q

Which fats are animal based and are solid at room temperature?

A

saturated fat

108
Q

Which fats are typically liquid at room temperature and are mostly plant based?

A

unsaturated fats

109
Q

What is a lipid that is used by our bodies to make bile, vitamin D, cell membranes, and hormones?

A

cholesterol

110
Q

What are important chemical messengers?

A

hormones

111
Q

What is a globule of cholesterol encases in as membrane made of lipids and proteins?

A

lipoprotein

112
Q

What is a lipoprotein in the bloodstream that can cause diseases of the heart and arteries?

A

low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

113
Q

What is another type of lipoprotein that actually reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases?

A

high-density lipoprotein (HDL)

114
Q

What is a complex organic molecule used to build and maintain living cells?

A

protein

115
Q

What is any of the substances that are the “building blocks” of proteins?

A

amino acid

116
Q

What is a type of chemical bond that links amino acids together into proteins?

A

peptide bond

117
Q

What is a type of protein that remains fairly straight after completion?

A

fibrous protein

118
Q

What is a type of protein that “folds up,” coiling in upon itself and locking into place when it reaches the proper shape?

A

globular protein

119
Q

What is the type of protein that has intricate three-dimensional shapes?

A

globular proteins

120
Q

What is a special globular protein that initiates or regulates a chemical reaction within the cell?

A

enzyme

121
Q

What is any member of the important group of chemicals that contain the plans, or blueprints, that guide the construction of all protein in the cell?

A

nucleic acid

122
Q

What is the cell’s “master program;” a large molecule that contains the information of the cell?

A

DNA

123
Q

What is the passing of traits from one gereation to another?

A

heredity

124
Q

What is any nitrogen-containing group in a DNA molecule that forms the “rungs” of the double helix?

A

base

125
Q

What are the four different types of bases in a molecule of DNA?

A

guanine, citosine, adenine, and thymine

126
Q

What is the “twisted ladder” structure of DNA?

A

double helix

127
Q

What is a segment of DNA containing code for a specific substnace, task, or characteristic?

A

gene

128
Q

What is a “working copy” of the genetic information that contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose?

A

RNA

129
Q

What is the process by which the body produces and uses energy from food?

A

metabolism

130
Q

What is the process by which a cell burns glucose within special power plants called mitochondria to release usable energy?

A

cellular respiration

131
Q

What is the chemical that serves as the energy carrier of the cell and a convenient form for the temporary storage of chemical energy?

A

ATP

Physical Science (17 decks)

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