Chapter 8

Question 1

Concept

Answer 1

Mental representation of an object, event, or idea.

Question 2

Categories

Answer 2

Clusters of interrelated concepts

Question 3

Rule-based categorization

Answer 3

Categorizing objects or events according to rules or features

Question 4

Prototype

Answer 4

Mental representation of an average category member

Question 5

Exemplar

Answer 5

Specific or real examples that best represents a category

Question 6

Semantic networks

Answer 6

Interconnected set of nodes/concepts. Joined by links to form a category.

Question 7

Temporal lobe damage

Answer 7

Difficulty identifying objects, while still able to describe object features

Question 8

Folk biology

Answer 8

How the natural world is conceptualized and categorized differently across cultures

Question 9

Problem solving

Answer 9

Accomplishing a goal when the solution or the path to the solution is not clear

Question 10

Algorithms

Answer 10

Problem-solving strategies based on series of rules (thinking logically)
Ex) wordle

Question 11

Heuristics

Answer 11

Problem-solving strategies that use prior experiences to provide an educated guess about the most likely solution

Question 12

Mental set

Answer 12

A cognitive obstacle that occurs when you try to solve a new type of problem using a routine, familiar (incorrect) solution

Question 13

Availability heuristic

Answer 13

Estimating the frequency of an event based on how easily examples of it come to mind.
(if examples are readily available we assume it’s frequent)

Question 14

Belief perseverance

Answer 14

Remaining committed to a decision or believe even when provided with evidence against it

Question 15

Confirmation bias

Answer 15

Searching for (or only paying attention to) evidence that will confirm a belief instead of evidence that may disconfirm it

Question 16

Aphasia

Answer 16

Language disorder caused by damage to the brain structures that support using and understanding language

Question 17

Broca’s area

Answer 17

Region of the left frontal lobe that controls our ability to articulate speech sounds that compose words

Question 18

Wernicke’s area

Answer 18

Area of the brain most associated with understanding words.(comprehension)

Question 19

Language

Answer 19

Form of communication that involves the use of spoken, written, or Gesterol symbols that are combined in a rule-based form

Question 20

Phonemes

Answer 20

Most basic units of speech sounds

Ex) t = “tuh” 

Question 21

Morphemes

Answer 21

Smallest meaningful units of a language

Ex) mailbox –> ‘mail’ ‘box’

Question 22

Semantics

Answer 22

Study of how people understand the meaning of words

Question 23

Syntax

Answer 23

Rules for combining words and morphemes into meaningful phrases and sentences
(Nouns and verbs are the most basic units)

Question 24

Pragmatics

Answer 24

Study of nonlinguistic elements of language use. Emphasizes the speakers behaviours and the social situation