Chapter 11

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

Physiological and psychological processes that produce behaviours that direct us towards a specific goal

Question 2

Homeostasis

Answer 2

The bodies physiological processes that allow it to maintain consistent internal states in response to the outer environment

Ex) body temp, blood pressure

Question 3

Drive

Answer 3

A biological trigger that tells us when we might be deprived of something and causes us to seek out what is needed

Ex) hunger and thirst

Question 4

Incentives

Answer 4

Stimuli we seek out in order to reduce drives

Ex) food and water

Question 5

Allostasis

Answer 5

Motivation that is not only influenced by current needs, but also anticipation of future needs.
(essentially our body making predictions of what it will need eventually)

Question 6

Hypothalamus

Answer 6

Nuclei found on the bottom surface of the brain involved in regulating motivation and homeostasis.
(Sort of an on/off switch for motivation)

Question 7

Anterior cingulate cortex

Answer 7

Emotional processing that is activated when we eat fatty foods

Question 8

Orbitofrontal cortex

Answer 8

Links food taste and texture with feelings of reward

Involves dopamine release when craving/tasting food

Question 9

Social facilitation

Answer 9

Eating more to assume a particular role or meet an expectation
Ex) eating contest

Question 10

Impression management

Answer 10

Eating less to appear polite

Ex) going to your new S/O house for supper the first time 

Question 11

Modelling

Answer 11

Eating whatever someone else is eating in order to fit in

Question 12

Obesity

Answer 12

Energy (food) intake exceeds the energy expenditure

Approx. 60% of males, 40% of females

Question 13

Anorexia nervosa

Answer 13

Involves (1) self starvation, (2) intense fear of weight gain, (3) body dissatisfaction, (4) denial of serious health consequences

Question 14

Bulimia nervosa

Answer 14

Involves periods of food deprivation, binge eating, and purging. 

Question 15

Libido

Answer 15

Motivation for sexual activity and pleasure

Question 16

INTRAsexual selection

Answer 16

Members of the same sex competing for the opportunity to meet with members of the opposite sex
(In animals) 

Question 17

Evolutionarily advantageous

Answer 17

The more “fit” individuals are more likely to reproduce

(Female animals more likely to mate with the bigger male)

Question 18

INTERsexual selection

Answer 18

Members of one sex selecting a mating partner based on their desirable traits

Question 19

Oxytocin

Answer 19

A hormone related to feelings of trust and desire for closeness

Question 20

Sexual response cycle

Answer 20

Excitement -> plateau -> orgasm -> resolution

Sexual stimulation -> hypothalamus -> pituitary gland -> oxytocin release

Question 21

Gender roles

Answer 21

Accepted attitudes and behaviours of males and females in a given society

Question 22

Sexual scripts

Answer 22

Sets of rules and assumptions about the sexual behaviours of males and females

Question 23

Sex guilt

Answer 23

Negative emotional feelings for having violated culturally accepted standards of appropriate sexual behaviours

Question 24

Self actualization

Answer 24

The point in a person’s life where they reach their full potential as a creative and deep thinking human being

Question 25

Terror management theory

Answer 25

Suggests that human fears of death will motivate behaviours that preserve self-esteem and our sense of belonging

Question 26

Passionate love

Answer 26

Associated with physical and emotional longing for the other person

Question 27

Compassionate love

Answer 27

Related to tenderness and the affection felt when lives are connected with another person (long term stability)

Question 28

Achievement motivation

Answer 28

Drive to performance high levels and accomplish significant goals

Question 29

Approach goals

Answer 29

Enjoyable and pleasant incentives that draw a person to a particular behaviour.
Ex) praise, financial reward, satisfaction 

Question 30

Avoidance goals

Answer 30

Attempt to avoid an unpleasant outcome
Ex) shame, embarrassment

Question 31

Self-determination theory

Answer 31

An individuals ability to achieve their goals and achieve psychological well-being is influenced by the control they hold over their behaviour

Question 32

3 universal needs

Answer 32

1. Relatedness = connection with others and forming meaningful bonds
2. Autonomy = Feeling in control of your life
3. Competence = satisfaction felt when performing a task at a skill level

Question 33

Self efficacy

Answer 33

An individual’s confidence that they can plan and execute an action in order to solve a problem

Question 34

Performance motive

Answer 34

Focussed on rewards, public recognition, avoiding embarrassment.

Involves losing some degree of autonomy to achieve validation

Question 35

Amotivational

Answer 35

Having a little to no motivation to perform a behaviour

Question 36

Mastery motive

Answer 36

Genuine internal motivation to perform behaviours and overcome challenges

Question 37

Emotion

Answer 37

A subjective thought and or experience, turns into an observable behavioural expression.
Involves patterns of neural activity and physical arousal

Question 38

James Lange theory of emotion

Answer 38

Are physiological reaction to a stimulus comes before the emotional experience

Question 39

Cannon-bard theory of emotion

Answer 39

The brain interprets the situation and generates objective emotional feelings

Question 40

Two factor theory of emotion

Answer 40

The cognitive labels we attached to patterns with physical arousal form of the basis of our emotional experience

Question 41

Emotional dialects

Answer 41

Variations across cultures in how common emotions are expressed

Question 42

Display rules

Answer 42

Unwritten expectations regarding when it is appropriate to show certain emotions

Question 43

Caudate nucleus

Answer 43

Related to experiencing rewards.

Passionate love activates the caudate nucleus