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Intro to Psychology > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

Abnormal psychology

A

The psychological study of mental illness.
(Maladaptive behaviours?)

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2
Q

Maladaptive

A

Causing distress to oneself or others.

Impairing day-to-day functioning.

Increasing the risk of injury or harm to oneself or others.

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3
Q

Medical model of psychiatry ⁉️

A

Consider psychological conditions as being similar to physical conditions

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4
Q

The diagnostic and statistical manual

A

A standardize manual to help diagnose psychological disorders

Created in WWII

Divides mental illnesses into 19 categories-each containing subtypes

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5
Q

Personality disorders

A

Particularly unusual patterns of behaviour that are maladaptive, distressing to oneself or others, and resistant to change.

Typically present for a long time in one’s life (since childhood)

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6
Q

Cluster A personality disorders

A

Odd and eccentric behaviours.

Individuals perceive and interpret the world in an abnormal/inaccurate way.

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7
Q

Cluster B personality disorders

A

Dramatic and erratic behaviours.

Characterized by emotional intensity, and emotional outburst that impair social functioning

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8
Q

Cluster C personality disorders

A

Anxious and fearful behaviours.

Characterized by feelings of anxiety and nervousness that affect observable behaviour.

Inhibited behaviour⁉️

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9
Q

Paranoid personality disorder (A)

A

Individuals are preoccupied by the belief that others are trying to harm or deceive them.

Often reacting with anger, threats and typically suspicious/guarded behaviour

Faster response to auditory stimuli

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10
Q

Schizoid Personality disorder (A)

A

Individuals are socially detached, do not desire close relationships, and do not find most activities enjoyable.

May appear cold, indifferent, emotionless.

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11
Q

Schizotypal personality disorder (A)

A

Individuals are uncomfortable with most relationships, and demonstrate unusual or eccentric thoughts and behaviours.

Tend to be superstitious, and use strange abstract phrasing.

Smaller left superior temporal gyrus (audio/language processing)

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12
Q

Borderline personality disorder (B)

A

Individual switch between extreme positive and negative emotions.

Demonstrate an unstable sense of self, impulsivity, and have difficulty with social relationships.

Smaller medial lobes (attention/emotional responses)

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13
Q

Narcissistic personality disorder (B)

A

Huge sense of self importance and an excessive need for attention and admiration.
Intensive self-doubt and fear of abandonment

Disruption of a frontal lobe (feeling/empathy)

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14
Q

Histrionic personality disorder (B)

A

Excessive attention seeking and dramatic behaviour. Often engage in risky behaviours and tend to be sensitive to criticism, generally manipulative.

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15
Q

Antisocial personality disorder (B)

A

Profound lack of empathy or emotional connection with others.
Do not demonstrate remorse and I rarely motivated to change.

Reduced activity in frontal lobes.

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16
Q

Avoidant personality disorder (C)

A

Individuals avoid social interactions including those at work or school because they feel inadequate and fear rejection.
Avoid new experiences due to fear of embarrassment.

Increased amygdala activity.

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17
Q

Dependent personality disorder (C)

A

Individuals have an excessive need to be cared for. Often require frequent assurance from others and help with every day decision making.

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18
Q

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (C)

A

Individuals are unusually focussed on perfection, details, organization, and productivity.

May avoid spending money 

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19
Q

Dissociative experiences

A

Sense of separation/association between person and surroundings.

Ex. Daydreaming

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20
Q

Dissociative disorder

A

A category of mental disorders characterized by split between a persons conscious awareness and their feelings/cognition/memory/ identity

21
Q

Dissociative identity disorder
(Multiple personality disorder)⁉️

A

Some evidence to suggest that some forms of learning and memory do not transfer between identities.

22
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

A category of disorders involving fear or nervousness that is excessive, irrational, and maladaptive

23
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

Frequently elevated levels of anxiety, generally in response to the normal changes and stresses of every day life.

Symptoms: difficulty breathing, sleeping, concentrating

Larger right amygdala

24
Q

Panic disorder

A

Occasional episodes of sudden, very intense fear

25
Q

Panic attacks

A

Brief (approx 10 minutes) moments of extreme anxiety that include a rush of physical arousal paired with frightening thoughts

26
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Intense fear of having a panic attack in public.

May lead to avoidance of public settings

27
Q

Phobias

A

Severe, irrational fear of a very specific object or situation

28
Q

Specific phobias

A

Fear of specific object, activity, or organism.

Ex) spiders, rollercoasters 

29
Q

Social phobia

A

Fear of interpersonal situations and relationships.

30
Q

Social anxiety disorder

A

A social phobia.

Very strong fear of being judged by others or being embarrassed/humiliated in public.

31
Q

Obsessions

A

Unwanted, inappropriate, persistent thoughts

32
Q

Compulsions

A

Engagement and repetitive, often ritualistic behaviors.

Compulsive behaviour reduces the anxiety produced by obsessive thoughts
Ex) washing hands constantly if germaphobe

33
Q

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

A

Attentional control and problem-solving

34
Q

Anterior cingulate cortex

A

Attention and emotion

35
Q

Orbitofrontal cortex

A

Decision making

36
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Movement and reward

37
Q

 Thalamus

A

Receiving sensory information

38
Q

Major depression

A

Prolonged periods of sadness, worthlessness, hopelessness, social withdrawal.

Damage to hippocampus, dis functional nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex

39
Q

Diathesis stress model ⁉️

A

An interaction between a genetic predisposition for a disorder and the amount of stress will influence the risk of developing that disorder

40
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

Characterized by extreme highs and lows in mood, motivation, and energy

41
Q

Mania

A

Extreme energy, positivity, characterized by speaking quickly, impulsive/spontaneous decision making, and high risk behaviours

42
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Brain disease that causes significant breaks from reality, a lack of integration of thoughts and emotions, and problems with attention and memory.

43
Q

Three stages of schizophrenia

A
  1. Prodromal phase
    Confusion and difficulty organizing thoughts.
  2. Active phase
    Delusional thoughts/hallucinations.
  3. Residual phase
    Most symptoms disappear or lesson
44
Q

Hallucinations

A

Alterations and perception, such that a person senses something that does not actually exist outside the person’s mind

45
Q

Delusions

A

Beliefs that are not based on, or well integrated with reality

46
Q

Disorganized behaviour

A

Considerable difficulty completing every day tasks
Ex cooking, hygiene

47
Q

Catatonia

A

Movement disorder in which of the individual is unresponsive and does not move for a long period of time

48
Q

Neurodevelopmental hypothesis

A

Suggest the adult manifestation of schizophrenia may be due to disruptive neurological development in early life

Intro to Psychology (16 decks)

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