Chapter 7

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

Collection of several systems that store information in different forms for different amounts of times

Question 2

Stores

Answer 2

Retain information in memory without using it for any specific purpose

Question 3

Control processes

Answer 3

Shift information from one memory store to another

Question 4

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model

Answer 4

Includes three memory stores: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

Question 5

Sensory memory

Answer 5

Memory store that accurately holds perceptual information for a very brief amount of time

Question 6

Short-term memory (STM)

Answer 6

Memory store with limited capacity induration (approx 30 s)

Question 7

Chunking

Answer 7

Organizing smaller units of information into larger, more meaningful units
Ex) phone numbers
2045559876 --> 204 555 9876

Question 8

Long- term memory (LTM)

Answer 8

Holds information for extended periods of time, sometimes permanently

Question 9

Retrieval

Answer 9

Accessing memorized information (LTM) and returning it to short-term memory

Question 10

Serial position effect

Answer 10

People are generally able to recall the first few items from a list and the last few items, but not the middle items

Question 11

Working memory

Answer 11

A model of short term remembering that includes a combination of memory components that contemporarily store small amounts of information for a short period of time (3 storage components)

Question 12

Phonological loop

Answer 12

Storage component that relies on rehearsal.
Stores information as sounds, or an auditory code.

Question 13

Visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 13

Store component that maintains visual images and spatial layouts in a visualspatial code.

Question 14

Episodic buffer

Answer 14

Storage component that combines the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad and combines the sounds in images into a coherent story-like episode.

Question 15

Central executive

Answer 15

Coordinates attention and exchange of information among the three storage components.
Focuses attention on components that are most relevant to a persons goals, interest, and prior knowledge

Question 16

Declarative memories

Answer 16

Memories we are consciously aware of and can speak about.
1. Semantic memory - facts about the world.
2. Episodic memory - personal experiences organized as episodes

Question 17

Nondeclarative memories

Answer 17

Unconscious behaviours

1. Procedural memory - Learned patterns of muscle movements
2. Classical conditioning - Potentially unconscious learned associations between two paired events

Question 18

Long-term potentiation

Answer 18

Increase in connectivity and communication between nerve cells that fire together

Question 19

Consolidation

Answer 19

Converting short-term memories to long-term memories in the brain

Question 20

Amnesia

Answer 20

Significant loss of at least one form of memory

Anterograde - Inability to form new memories after a brain injury
Retrograde - Memory for events before brain injury is lost

Question 21

Reconsolidation

Answer 21

Hippocampus functions to update, strengthen, or modify existing long-term memories

Question 22

Cross-cortical storage

Answer 22

Long-term declarative memories are distributed throughout the cortex, rather than localized to one brain region

Question 23

Rehearsal

Answer 23

Repeating information

Maintenance rehearsal - simply repeating information
Elaborative rehearsal - Thinking about the meaning of information 

Question 24

Recognition

Answer 24

Identifying a stimulus or piece of information when it is presented to you.
Ex) multiple choice 

Question 25

Recall

Answer 25

Retrieving information when asked, but without that information being presented during the retrieval process.
Ex) short answer

Question 26

Context-dependant memory

Answer 26

Retrieval is more effective when it takes place in the same physical setting as encoding.
Ex) being in the same classroom during a test as you were when learning

Question 27

State-dependant memory

Answer 27

Retrieval is more effective when your internal state matches the state you were when encoding.
Ex) study drunk, test drunk

Question 28

Mood-dependent memory

Answer 28

Retrievals more effective when your mood matches your mood during encoding

Question 29

Flashbulb memories

Answer 29

Extremely vivid and detailed memory about an event and the condition surrounding how one learned about the event

Question 30

Mnemonics

Answer 30

Technique intended to improve memory for specific information.
Ex) acronyms

Question 31

Schemas

Answer 31

Organize clusters of memories that constitute a person’s knowledge or beliefs about events, objects, and ideas.

Question 32

False memory

Answer 32

Remembering events that did not occur, or incorrectly recalling details of an event.

Question 33

Misinformation effect

Answer 33

Information encoded after event can alter/become part of your memory of the original event

Question 34

Guided imagery

Answer 34

Technique to help people recover details of events they are unable to remember

Question 35

Recovered memory

Answer 35

A memory of a traumatic event that is suddenly recovered after blocking the memory out for a long time