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Intro to Psychology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Hormones

A

Chemicals secreted into the bloodstream that travel throughout the body

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2
Q

Endocrine system

A

Collection of glands which produce and release hormones

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3
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Brain structure that regulates basic biological needs and motivational systems

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4
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Receives input from hypothalamus

Produces endorphins and testosterone

Master gland that produces hormones and sends commands about hormone production to other glands

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5
Q

Consciousness

A

A person subjective awareness.

Includes thoughts, perceptions, experiences, and self-awareness.

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6
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

Internally driven daily cycles. Approximately 24 hours.
Affects  physiological and behavioural processes

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7
Q

Entrainment

A

Biological rhythms become synchronized to external cues

Ex) light, temp, clocks 

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8
Q

Endogenous Rhythms

A

Biological rhythms generated by our body, independent of external cues

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9
Q

Polysomnography

A

Set of objective measurements used to examine physiological variables during sleep, such as breathing, body temp, muscle activity.

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10
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

Measures excitatory and inhibitory activity in groups of neurons in the brain

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11
Q

Beta waves

A

Involves wakefulness (person is alert and awake)

High frequency (15-30Hz) , low amplitude

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12
Q

Alpha waves

A

Daydreaming, meditating, falling asleep

Lower frequency (8-14Hz)

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13
Q

Theta waves (stage 1-2)

A

Breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate decrease. Still sensitive to external stimuli

Lower frequency (4-8Hz)

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14
Q

Delta waves (Stage 3-4)

A

Deep sleep

Low frequency (<3Hz) , high amplitude

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15
Q

REM (rapid eye movements)

A

Stage of sleep characterized by: quickening brain waves, inhibited body movement, rapid eye movements.

Approx. 20-25% of total sleep

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16
Q

Sleep deprivation

A

Occurs when an individual cannot or does not sleep

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17
Q

Sleep displacement

A

Occurs when an individual is prevented from sleeping at the normal time
Ex) jet lag, caffeine, new work schedule 

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18
Q

Insomnia disorder

A

Extreme lack of sleep

Often related to other conditions

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19
Q

Nightmares

A

Vivid and disturbing dreams occurring during REM sleep

20
Q

Night terrors

A

Intense panic and arousal that wake up the individual and induce a heightened emotional state.
Occurs during non-REM sleep

21
Q

REM behaviour disorder

A

Individuals appear to act out the content of their dreams.

(Condition that does not show the restriction of movement typically seen during REM sleep.)

22
Q

Somnambulism (sleepwalking)

A

Involves wandering and performing other activities while asleep.
Occurs during non-REM sleep (stages 3-4)

23
Q

Sexomnia

A

Engagement in sexual activity/ vocalizations while asleep.
Occurs during non rem sleep (stages 3-4)

24
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Characterized by an obstruction of airflow, Temporarity causing an inability to breathe during sleep

25
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Experience of extreme daytime sleepiness and sleep attacks. May last a few seconds or a few minutes.

Transition to REM sleep immediately, and experience vivid dreams

26
Q

Hypnosis

A

Procedure for inducing a heightened state of suggestibility.

Not a trance, but more likely to comply to a suggestion

27
Q

Mind wandering

A

Unintentional redirection of attention from the current test to an unrelated thought(s)

28
Q

Default mode network

A

Network of brain regions that is most active when an individual is awake, but not responding to external stimuli.

29
Q

Frontoparietal network

A

Mind wanders tend to think about the future more than the past or present. Involves goal directed thinking/planning for the future

30
Q

Locked in syndrome

A

Patient is aware and awake, but unable to move their body.

Ex) Petra in Jane the Virgin 

31
Q

Minimally conscious state (MCS)

A

Individuals are able to show some behaviors, suggesting partial consciousness.
Ex) following simple commands, gesturing yes or no responses

32
Q

Persistent vegetative state

A

State of minimal to no consciousness, (eyes may be open)
Individuals will develop sleep-wake cycles.

Typically caused by extensive brain damage

33
Q

Coma

A

Complete loss of consciousness.

Typically caused by damage to brainstem which then suppresses reflexes (pupil dilation)

34
Q

Brain death

A

Brain (including brainstem) does not function.
Brainstem regions responsible for basic life functions do not function.

35
Q

Agonists

A

Enhance or mimic effects of a neurotransmitters actions

36
Q

Antagonists

A

Inhibit neurotransmitter activity by blocking receptors or preventing transmitter synthesis

37
Q

Dopamine

A

Neurotransmitter most often influenced by drugs.

Involved in rewarding/pleasurable feelings which reinforce drug-taking.

38
Q

Tolerance

A

Repeated use of drug results in a need for a higher dose to get the intended effect

39
Q

Physical dependence

A

They need to take a drug to ward off unpleasant physical withdrawal symptoms
Ex) nausea, increased blood pressure, increased heart rate

40
Q

Psychological dependence

A

An emotional need for a drug develops without any underlying physical dependence

41
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Affect thinking, behavior, perception, and emotion.

42
Q

Stimulants

A

Speed up the activity of the nervous system, typically enhancing wakefulness and alertness. (High likelihood of dependence)

Ex) caffeine

43
Q

Hallucinogens (psychedelics)

A

Produce perceptual distortions. (low likelihood of dependence)
Ex) DMT - occurs naturally in certain tree barks, skin surface of certain toads.

44
Q

Opiates (narcotics)

A

Reduce pain and induce immediate, extreme, and intense feelings of euphoria. (Very high likelihood of dependence)
Ex) heroine, morphine

45
Q

Sedatives

A

Depress activity of the central nervous system. (High likelihood of dependence)
Ex) Xanax

Intro to Psychology (16 decks)

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