Chapter 5

Question 1

Hormones

Answer 1

Chemicals secreted into the bloodstream that travel throughout the body

Question 2

Endocrine system

Answer 2

Collection of glands which produce and release hormones

Question 3

Hypothalamus

Answer 3

Brain structure that regulates basic biological needs and motivational systems

Question 4

Pituitary gland

Answer 4

Receives input from hypothalamus

Produces endorphins and testosterone

Master gland that produces hormones and sends commands about hormone production to other glands

Question 5

Consciousness

Answer 5

A person subjective awareness.

Includes thoughts, perceptions, experiences, and self-awareness.

Question 6

Circadian rhythms

Answer 6

Internally driven daily cycles. Approximately 24 hours.
Affects  physiological and behavioural processes

Question 7

Entrainment

Answer 7

Biological rhythms become synchronized to external cues

Ex) light, temp, clocks 

Question 8

Endogenous Rhythms

Answer 8

Biological rhythms generated by our body, independent of external cues

Question 9

Polysomnography

Answer 9

Set of objective measurements used to examine physiological variables during sleep, such as breathing, body temp, muscle activity.

Question 10

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Answer 10

Measures excitatory and inhibitory activity in groups of neurons in the brain

Question 11

Beta waves

Answer 11

Involves wakefulness (person is alert and awake)

High frequency (15-30Hz) , low amplitude

Question 12

Alpha waves

Answer 12

Daydreaming, meditating, falling asleep

Lower frequency (8-14Hz)

Question 13

Theta waves (stage 1-2)

Answer 13

Breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate decrease. Still sensitive to external stimuli

Lower frequency (4-8Hz)

Question 14

Delta waves (Stage 3-4)

Answer 14

Deep sleep

Low frequency (<3Hz) , high amplitude

Question 15

REM (rapid eye movements)

Answer 15

Stage of sleep characterized by: quickening brain waves, inhibited body movement, rapid eye movements.

Approx. 20-25% of total sleep

Question 16

Sleep deprivation

Answer 16

Occurs when an individual cannot or does not sleep

Question 17

Sleep displacement

Answer 17

Occurs when an individual is prevented from sleeping at the normal time
Ex) jet lag, caffeine, new work schedule 

Question 18

Insomnia disorder

Answer 18

Extreme lack of sleep

Often related to other conditions

Question 19

Nightmares

Answer 19

Vivid and disturbing dreams occurring during REM sleep

Question 20

Night terrors

Answer 20

Intense panic and arousal that wake up the individual and induce a heightened emotional state.
Occurs during non-REM sleep

Question 21

REM behaviour disorder

Answer 21

Individuals appear to act out the content of their dreams.

(Condition that does not show the restriction of movement typically seen during REM sleep.)

Question 22

Somnambulism (sleepwalking)

Answer 22

Involves wandering and performing other activities while asleep.
Occurs during non-REM sleep (stages 3-4)

Question 23

Sexomnia

Answer 23

Engagement in sexual activity/ vocalizations while asleep.
Occurs during non rem sleep (stages 3-4)

Question 24

Sleep apnea

Answer 24

Characterized by an obstruction of airflow, Temporarity causing an inability to breathe during sleep

Question 25

Narcolepsy

Answer 25

Experience of extreme daytime sleepiness and sleep attacks. May last a few seconds or a few minutes. Transition to REM sleep immediately, and experience vivid dreams

Question 26

Hypnosis

Answer 26

Procedure for inducing a heightened state of suggestibility. Not a trance, but more likely to comply to a suggestion

Question 27

Mind wandering

Answer 27

Unintentional redirection of attention from the current test to an unrelated thought(s)

Question 28

Default mode network

Answer 28

Network of brain regions that is most active when an individual is awake, but not responding to external stimuli.

Question 29

Frontoparietal network

Answer 29

Mind wanders tend to think about the future more than the past or present. Involves goal directed thinking/planning for the future

Question 30

Locked in syndrome

Answer 30

Patient is aware and awake, but unable to move their body. Ex) Petra in Jane the Virgin 

Question 31

Minimally conscious state (MCS)

Answer 31

Individuals are able to show some behaviors, suggesting partial consciousness. Ex) following simple commands, gesturing yes or no responses

Question 32

Persistent vegetative state

Answer 32

State of minimal to no consciousness, (eyes may be open) Individuals will develop sleep-wake cycles. Typically caused by extensive brain damage

Question 33

Coma

Answer 33

Complete loss of consciousness. Typically caused by damage to brainstem which then suppresses reflexes (pupil dilation)

Question 34

Brain death

Answer 34

Brain (including brainstem) does not function. Brainstem regions responsible for basic life functions do not function.

Question 35

Agonists

Answer 35

Enhance or mimic effects of a neurotransmitters actions

Question 36

Antagonists

Answer 36

Inhibit neurotransmitter activity by blocking receptors or preventing transmitter synthesis

Question 37

Dopamine

Answer 37

Neurotransmitter most often influenced by drugs. Involved in rewarding/pleasurable feelings which reinforce drug-taking.

Question 38

Tolerance

Answer 38

Repeated use of drug results in a need for a higher dose to get the intended effect

Question 39

Physical dependence

Answer 39

They need to take a drug to ward off unpleasant physical withdrawal symptoms Ex) nausea, increased blood pressure, increased heart rate

Question 40

Psychological dependence

Answer 40

An emotional need for a drug develops without any underlying physical dependence

Question 41

Psychoactive drugs

Answer 41

Affect thinking, behavior, perception, and emotion.

Question 42

Stimulants

Answer 42

Speed up the activity of the nervous system, typically enhancing wakefulness and alertness. (High likelihood of dependence) Ex) caffeine

Question 43

Hallucinogens (psychedelics)

Answer 43

Produce perceptual distortions. (low likelihood of dependence) Ex) DMT - occurs naturally in certain tree barks, skin surface of certain toads.

Question 44

Opiates (narcotics)

Answer 44

Reduce pain and induce immediate, extreme, and intense feelings of euphoria. (Very high likelihood of dependence) Ex) heroine, morphine

Question 45

Sedatives

Answer 45

Depress activity of the central nervous system. (High likelihood of dependence) Ex) Xanax